🌟 Neutron star 3D — Dense-Matter Astrophysics & Structure

An interactive, scientific-grade 3D visualization and research hub for neutron star physics, built with Three.js, WebGL, Web Audio API, and Chart.js.

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🚀 Quick Start

To launch and explore the website locally, run Python's built-in HTTP server in this directory:

cd /home/yogeesh/Downloads/antigravity
python3 -m http.server 8000

Then open your browser and navigate to:

http://localhost:8000/

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🔭 Key Features & Architecture

1. Visual 3D Engine (js/star3d.js)

• Proportional Celestial Scale: The rotating neutron star is calibrated so its diameter fills ~35% of the screen height, providing a focused, elegant celestial presence.
• Nebular Gas Cosmic Background: Multi-layered soft glowing interstellar dust clouds in warm orange, deep supernova red, cosmic cyan, and violet.
• In-Place Concentric Cutaway (Picture 2 MUSES Model):
  1. Atmosphere: $R_W = 10^{-4}\text{ km}$; $n_B < 10^{-7} n_{\text{sat}}$ (mostly H, He, C thin optical plasma).
  2. Outer Crust: $R_W = 0.1\text{ km}$; $n_B < 10^{-3} n_{\text{sat}}$ (Coulomb BCC lattice of neutron-rich nuclei, degenerate $e^-$, neutron drip at $4.3 \times 10^{11}\text{ g/cm}^3$).
  3. Inner Crust: $R_W = 0.5\text{ km}$; $n_B < 0.5 n_{\text{sat}}$ (free neutron superfluid + Nuclear Pasta topologies: Gnocchi, Spaghetti, Lasagna, Penne, Swiss Cheese).
  4. Outer Core: $R_W \sim 7\text{ km}$; $n_B < 2 n_{\text{sat}}$ (uniform nucleonic Fermi liquid $n+p+e^-+\mu^-$, $^3P_2$ triplet neutron superfluid, $^1S_0$ singlet proton superconductor, quantized vortex lattice).
  5. Inner Core: $R_W \sim 5\text{ km}$; $n_B < 10 n_{\text{sat}}$ (hyperons, $\Delta$-isobars, deconfined $u, d, s$ quark matter in Color-Flavor Locked state).
• Magnetic Dipole Loops: Luminous blue magnetic envelope loops wrapping around the star in a vast torus (Picture 1).
• Clean Aesthetic: Exploded view and relativistic jets removed for a clean, scientifically authentic appearance.

2. Dedicated Information Pages

🌌 Page 1: Formation of a Neutron Star

• Complete evolutionary sequence: Massive Star life cycle ($8 - 25 M_\odot$), iron catastrophe, Chandrasekhar collapse, photodisintegration, and core-bounce supernova.
• Embedded stellar life cycle diagram (stellar_lifecycle.jpg).
• Black hole fate comparison with gravitational lensing and accretion disk anatomy (black_hole_anatomy.png, black_hole_lensing.png).

🔬 Page 2: Structure of the Star (All-in-One Page)

• Complete radial breakdown of all 5 layers with exact $R_W$ and $n_B$ values matching the MUSES diagram (neutron_star_structure.png).
• Tolman-Oppenheimer-Volkoff (TOV) relativistic hydrostatic equilibrium equation.

🌪️ Page 3: Superfluid Vortex Pinning, Nuclear Pasta & Glitches

• Interactive 2D vortex lattice and avalanche unpinning simulation (vortex-animation.js).
• Nuclear Pasta Topological Suite: Interactive explorer for the 5 inner crust phases (Gnocchi, Spaghetti, Lasagna, Penne, Swiss Cheese) and their role in vortex pinning forces ($F_{\text{pin}} \sim 10^{15}\text{ dyn/cm}$).
• Dual glitch diagrams: Macroscopic spin-down curve $\Omega(t)$ (glitch.png) and 3-Component Core/Superfluid/Crust dynamic model (glitch_three_component.jpg).

❄️ Page 4: Neutron Star Cooling & Cooling Curves

• Thermal evolution from $T \sim 10^{11}\text{ K}$ to surface photon emission.
• Microscopic mechanisms: Modified Urca, Direct Urca (triangle condition $p_{F,n} \le p_{F,p} + p_{F,e}$ requiring $x_p \ge 11.1% - 14.8%$), and Pair-Breaking & Formation (PBF) near $T_c$.
• Interactive Chart.js log-log cooling curve comparing standard vs. rapid cooling with observational Chandra/XMM data (Cas A, Crab, Vela, Geminga, PSR J0437).

🔥 Page 5: Dark Kinetic Heating of Neutron Stars

• Relativistic gravitational infall and scattering of dark matter particles in the ultra-dense stellar core setting an asymptotic surface temperature floor ($T_{\text{floor}} \approx 1500 - 2500\text{ K}$).
• Probing dark matter cross-sections with JWST and next-generation 30-meter telescopes.

💻 Page 6: Research Softwares & Data Websites

• Curated directory of premier neutron star codes and archives:
  • CompOSE: Online nuclear equation of state database (compose.obspm.fr).
  • LORENE: C++ spectral numerical relativity library (lorene.obspm.fr).
  • NSCool: Dany Page's relativistic thermal evolution code (astroscu.unam.mx/neutrons/NSCool).
  • RNS: Rapidly rotating relativistic neutron star code (gravity.phys.uwm.edu/rns).
  • TEMPO2 & PINT: High-precision nanosecond pulsar timing analysis.
  • ATNF Pulsar Catalogue: Database of over 3,300 known pulsars (atnf.csiro.au/research/pulsar/psrcat).
  • NASA NICER / HEASARC: X-ray pulse-profile modeling data archive (heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/nicer).
  • GWOSC: Gravitational Wave Open Science Center (LIGO/Virgo/KAGRA data).

👥 Page 7: Our Research Group (IIT Jodhpur)

• Astrophysics & Dense Matter Theory Group led by Dr. Monika Sinha (Department of Physics, IIT Jodhpur).
• Research Pillars: Dense matter equations of state, hyperons, $\Delta$-isobars, dibaryons ($d^*(2380)$), strange quark matter, pulsar glitches & vortex pinning, relativistic cooling, and multi-messenger gravitational-wave astrophysics.
• Group Citation Statistics: Refereed count of 1,200+ citations (Scopus / Web of Science) and ~2,470+ cumulative citations on Google Scholar across 45+ peer-reviewed articles (h-index 12+, i10-index 12+).
• Interactive Group Directory: Small photo frame with client-side upload/reset and persistent local storage caching for:
  • Dr. Monika Sinha (Associate Professor, Group Lead)
  • Dr. Vivek Baruah Thapa (Postdoctoral Researcher)
  • Dr. Anil Kumar (Former PhD Scholar; now Postdoctoral Researcher at University of Wrocław, Poland; Strange Quark Matter)
  • Dr. Vishal Parmar (Former PhD Scholar; now Postdoctoral Researcher at INFN Pisa, Italy)
  • Yogeesh N. (Research Scholar, Dept of Physics, IIT Jodhpur)
  • Athira S. (Research Scholar, Dept of Physics, IIT Jodhpur)
  • Samyak Jain (Research Scholar, Dept of Physics, IIT Jodhpur; Dibaryons in Neutron Stars)
  • Alumni: Pratik Thakur (MSc Thesis on Dark Matter; now PhD Scholar, Virginia) and Manoj Kumar Ghosh (MSc Thesis on Ambipolar Diffusion; now PhD Scholar, Virginia).
• Filterable Publications Directory: Papers formatted with the journal name directly below the title, individual citation counts displayed on each card, and instant BibTeX copying.

🌐 Page 8: Outreach & Conferences

• Essential Equation of State (EOS) Tools & Portals: CompOSE, MUSES, O2scl, LORENE, NSCool, RNS, GWOSC, and NICER / HEASARC.
• Weekly Updated Conference Calendar: Curated list of upcoming international workshops and conferences in nuclear astrophysics, dense matter, and neutron star physics with submission deadlines and registration links.

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🎨 Scientific & Minimalistic Styling

• Color Palette: Vibrant orange (#ff7a00) and deep red (#ef4444) font colors and accents paired with cosmic cyan and midnight obsidian.
• Typography: Space Grotesk + Inter with native KaTeX mathematical typesetting.
• Footnote Attribution:
  • designed by Yogeesh N
  • Email: yoguyamu@gmail.com

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⌨️ Keyboard Shortcuts

Key	Action
Space	Pause / Resume Stellar Spin
C	Toggle 90° Cutaway Wedge
B	Toggle Magnetic Dipole Loops
M	Toggle Synthesized Audio (Cosmic Drone & Pulsar Clicks)
G	Trigger Pulsar Glitch Simulation