Skip auth headers for public IonQ /backends endpoints

[ryanhill1]

Summary

• IonQ's API returns 401 when an Authorization header is sent to its unauthenticated /backends routes. Added _get_public helper to IonQSession that uses plain requests.get (no auth headers) for get_devices and get_device.
• Authenticated endpoints (/jobs, /characterizations) continue using the session as before.
• Updated test device ID from azure:ionq:sim:simulator to ionq:ionq:sim:simulator.

Test plan

• Verified GET /backends and GET /backends/{id} return 200 without auth, 401 with auth
• Verified GET /backends/{id}/characterizations/{id} still requires auth (unchanged)
• All 37 IonQ tests pass (pytest tests/runtime/ionq/ --remote true)
• Pylint clean (no new warnings)

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[ryanhill1]

/update-changelog