assert: surface prototype mismatch in deepStrictEqual diff

doc/api/assert.md

@@ -172,6 +172,9 @@ added: v0.1.21
     frames before this function.
   * `diff` {string} If set to `'full'`, shows the full diff in assertion errors. Defaults to `'simple'`.
     Accepted values: `'simple'`, `'full'`.
+  * `skipPrototype` {boolean} If set to `true`, the error message does not report a
+    mismatch of the top-level prototypes when the operator is `'deepStrictEqual'`.
+    Defaults to `false`.
 
 A subclass of {Error} that indicates the failure of an assertion.
 

lib/assert.js

@@ -315,6 +315,9 @@ Assert.prototype.deepStrictEqual = function deepStrictEqual(actual, expected, ..
       operator: 'deepStrictEqual',
       stackStartFn: deepStrictEqual,
       diff: this?.[kOptions]?.diff,
+      // The message must not report a prototype mismatch as the cause of the
+      // failure when the comparison itself ignored the prototypes.
+      skipPrototype: this?.[kOptions]?.skipPrototype,
     });
   }
 };

lib/internal/assert/assertion_error.js

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 'use strict';
 
 const {
+  ArrayPrototype,
   ArrayPrototypeJoin,
   ArrayPrototypePop,
   ArrayPrototypeSlice,
@@ -9,6 +10,7 @@ const {
   ObjectAssign,
   ObjectDefineProperty,
   ObjectGetPrototypeOf,
+  ObjectPrototype,
   ObjectPrototypeHasOwnProperty,
   SafeSet,
   String,
@@ -182,9 +184,64 @@ function isSimpleDiff(actual, inspectedActual, expected, inspectedExpected) {
   return typeof actual !== 'object' || actual === null || typeof expected !== 'object' || expected === null;
 }
 
-function createErrDiff(actual, expected, operator, customMessage, diffType = 'simple') {
+function isNonDefaultPrototype(proto) {
+  return proto !== null && proto !== ObjectPrototype && proto !== ArrayPrototype;
+}
+
+// Returns a short human-readable identifier of the prototype, based on its
+// constructor, that is safe to derive on exotic objects.
+function getPrototypeName(proto) {
+  if (proto === null) {
+    return '(null prototype)';
+  }
+  try {
+    const ctor = proto.constructor;
+    if (typeof ctor === 'function') {
+      // Read `name` only once and validate the value before using it: a
+      // stateful getter may return a string on one access and a different
+      // value (or throw) on the next one.
+      const name = ctor.name;
+      if (typeof name === 'string' && name !== '') {
+        return name;
+      }
+    }
+  } catch {
+    // Ignore exotic prototypes that throw on property access.
+  }
+  return '(anonymous)';
+}
+
+function createErrDiff(actual, expected, operator, customMessage, diffType = 'simple', skipPrototype = false) {
   operator = checkOperator(actual, expected, operator);
 
+  // `deepStrictEqual` requires both values to share the same prototype, but
+  // the structural diff may not make that difference obvious (e.g. when both
+  // values are inspected identically). Surface a mismatch of the top-level
+  // values explicitly when at least one of the prototypes is not a default
+  // prototype. Prototype differences of nested objects are not reported.
+  // Refs: https://github.com/nodejs/node/issues/50397
+  // Deriving the hint may run arbitrary code (e.g. a `getPrototypeOf` trap of
+  // a Proxy or a throwing getter) that can throw. Such a failure must not
+  // replace the assertion error nor leak, so the hint is simply omitted.
+  let prototypeMismatchMessage = '';
+  if (!skipPrototype && operator === 'deepStrictEqual' &&
+      actual !== null && typeof actual === 'object' &&
+      expected !== null && typeof expected === 'object') {
+    try {
+      const actualProto = ObjectGetPrototypeOf(actual);
+      const expectedProto = ObjectGetPrototypeOf(expected);
+      if (actualProto !== expectedProto &&
+          (isNonDefaultPrototype(actualProto) ||
+            isNonDefaultPrototype(expectedProto))) {
+        prototypeMismatchMessage =
+          `\nObject prototypes differ: ${getPrototypeName(actualProto)}` +
+          ` !== ${getPrototypeName(expectedProto)}`;
+      }
+    } catch {
+      // Omit the hint when it cannot be derived safely.
+    }
+  }
+
   let skipped = false;
   let message = '';
   const inspectedActual = inspectValue(actual);
@@ -232,7 +289,7 @@ function createErrDiff(actual, expected, operator, customMessage, diffType = 'si
   const headerMessage = `${getErrorMessage(operator, customMessage)}\n${header}`;
   const skippedMessage = skipped ? '\n... Skipped lines' : '';
 
-  return `${headerMessage}${skippedMessage}\n${message}\n`;
+  return `${headerMessage}${skippedMessage}\n${message}${prototypeMismatchMessage}\n`;
 }
 
 function addEllipsis(string) {
@@ -257,6 +314,7 @@ class AssertionError extends Error {
       // Compatibility with older versions.
       stackStartFunction,
       diff = 'simple',
+      skipPrototype = false,
     } = options;
     let {
       actual,
@@ -268,7 +326,7 @@ class AssertionError extends Error {
 
     if (message != null) {
       if (kMethodsWithCustomMessageDiff.has(operator)) {
-        super(createErrDiff(actual, expected, operator, message, diff));
+        super(createErrDiff(actual, expected, operator, message, diff, skipPrototype));
       } else {
         super(String(message));
       }
@@ -288,7 +346,7 @@ class AssertionError extends Error {
       }
 
       if (kMethodsWithCustomMessageDiff.has(operator)) {
-        super(createErrDiff(actual, expected, operator, message, diff));
+        super(createErrDiff(actual, expected, operator, message, diff, skipPrototype));
       } else if (operator === 'notDeepStrictEqual' ||
         operator === 'notStrictEqual') {
         // In case the objects are equal but the operator requires unequal, show

lib/internal/assert/utils.js

@@ -73,6 +73,9 @@ const escapeFn = (str) => meta[StringPrototypeCharCodeAt(str, 0)];
  * @property {string} operator Operator
  * @property {Function} stackStartFn Stack start function
  * @property {'simple' | 'full'} [diff] Diff mode
+ * @property {boolean} [skipPrototype] Set to `true` when the comparison
+ *   ignored the prototypes, so the message does not report a prototype
+ *   mismatch as the cause of the failure
  * @property {boolean} [generatedMessage] Generated message
  */
 

test/parallel/test-assert-deep.js

@@ -78,7 +78,8 @@ test('deepEqual', () => {
         '    121,\n' +
         '    122,\n' +
         '    10\n' +
-        '  ]\n'
+        '  ]\n' +
+        'Object prototypes differ: Uint8Array !== Buffer\n'
     }
   );
   assert.deepEqual(arr, buf);
@@ -138,7 +139,8 @@ test('date', () => {
       code: 'ERR_ASSERTION',
       message: `${defaultMsgStartFull}\n\n` +
               '+ 2016-01-01T00:00:00.000Z\n- MyDate 2016-01-01T00:00:00.000Z' +
-              " {\n-   '0': '1'\n- }\n"
+              " {\n-   '0': '1'\n- }\n" +
+              'Object prototypes differ: Date !== MyDate\n'
     }
   );
   assert.throws(
@@ -147,7 +149,8 @@ test('date', () => {
       code: 'ERR_ASSERTION',
       message: `${defaultMsgStartFull}\n\n` +
               '+ MyDate 2016-01-01T00:00:00.000Z {\n' +
-              "+   '0': '1'\n+ }\n- 2016-01-01T00:00:00.000Z\n"
+              "+   '0': '1'\n+ }\n- 2016-01-01T00:00:00.000Z\n" +
+              'Object prototypes differ: MyDate !== Date\n'
     }
   );
 });
@@ -162,7 +165,8 @@ test('regexp', () => {
     {
       code: 'ERR_ASSERTION',
       message: `${defaultMsgStartFull}\n\n` +
-              "+ /test/\n- MyRegExp /test/ {\n-   '0': '1'\n- }\n"
+              "+ /test/\n- MyRegExp /test/ {\n-   '0': '1'\n- }\n" +
+              'Object prototypes differ: RegExp !== MyRegExp\n'
     }
   );
 });