cartesi · edubart · Aug 3, 2026 · Apr 15, 2026 · Apr 16, 2026 · Aug 3, 2026
diff --git a/.github/workflows/main.yml b/.github/workflows/main.yml
@@ -53,8 +53,6 @@ jobs:
           push: false
           load: true
           build-args: |
-            TOOLCHAIN_REPOSITORY=${{ env.TOOLCHAIN_REPOSITORY }}
-            TOOLCHAIN_VERSION=${{ env.TOOLCHAIN_VERSION }}
             KERNEL_VERSION=${{ env.KERNEL_VERSION }}
             KERNEL_TIMESTAMP=${{ env.KERNEL_TIMESTAMP }}
             IMAGE_KERNEL_VERSION=${{ env.IMAGE_KERNEL_VERSION }}
@@ -67,7 +65,7 @@ jobs:
         run: make copy
 
       - name: Upload artifacts
-        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v3
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
         with:
           path: artifacts/*
 
@@ -97,8 +95,6 @@ jobs:
           push: true
           load: false
           build-args: |
-            TOOLCHAIN_REPOSITORY=${{ env.TOOLCHAIN_REPOSITORY }}
-            TOOLCHAIN_VERSION=${{ env.TOOLCHAIN_VERSION }}
             KERNEL_VERSION=${{ env.KERNEL_VERSION }}
             KERNEL_TIMESTAMP=${{ env.KERNEL_TIMESTAMP }}
             IMAGE_KERNEL_VERSION=${{ env.IMAGE_KERNEL_VERSION }}

diff --git a/.gitignore b/.gitignore
@@ -2,3 +2,4 @@ artifacts/*
 dep/*
 *.tar.gz
 cartesi-linux-config
+work
diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -5,6 +5,14 @@ The format is based on [Keep a Changelog](https://keepachangelog.com/en/1.0.0/),
 and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](https://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0.html).
 
 ## [Unreleased]
+## [0.21.0] - 2026-08-03
+### Changed
+- Updated Linux Kernel to v6.5.13-ctsi-2
+- Removed image-toolchain dependency
+
+### Added
+- Enabled UIO to support NVRAM memory ranges
+
 ## [0.20.0] - 2024-04-15
 ### Changed
 - Updated Linux Kernel to v6.5.13-ctsi-1
@@ -113,7 +121,8 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](https://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0
 - [0.2.0]
 - [0.1.0]
 
-[Unreleased]: https://github.com/cartesi/image-kernel/compare/v0.20.0...HEAD
+[Unreleased]: https://github.com/cartesi/image-kernel/compare/v0.21.0...HEAD
+[0.21.0]: https://github.com/cartesi/image-kernel/releases/tag/v0.21.0
 [0.20.0]: https://github.com/cartesi/image-kernel/releases/tag/v0.20.0
 [0.19.1]: https://github.com/cartesi/image-kernel/releases/tag/v0.19.1
 [0.19.0]: https://github.com/cartesi/image-kernel/releases/tag/v0.19.0

diff --git a/Dockerfile b/Dockerfile
@@ -14,23 +14,60 @@
 # limitations under the License.
 #
 
-ARG TOOLCHAIN_REPOSITORY=cartesi/toolchain
-ARG TOOLCHAIN_VERSION=latest
-FROM ${TOOLCHAIN_REPOSITORY}:${TOOLCHAIN_VERSION}
+FROM debian:trixie-20250811
 
 ARG KERNEL_VERSION=0.0.0-ctsi-y
 ARG KERNEL_TIMESTAMP="Thu, 01 Jan 1970 00:00:00 +0000"
 ARG OPENSBI_VERSION=0.0.0-ctsi-y
 
 ENV DEBIAN_FRONTEND=noninteractive
 
-ENV OLDPATH=$PATH
-
+ENV BASE=/opt/riscv
 ENV BUILD_BASE=$BASE/kernel
 
+# install cross-compiler and build dependencies
+# ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+RUN apt-get update && \
+  DEBIAN_FRONTEND="noninteractive" apt-get install --no-install-recommends -y \
+    bc \
+    bison \
+    build-essential \
+    flex \
+    gcc-riscv64-linux-gnu \
+    python3 \
+    genext2fs \
+    libc6-dev-riscv64-cross \
+    rsync \
+    xz-utils \
+  && \
+  rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/*
+
+# build and install xgenext2fs
+# ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+RUN apt-get update && \
+  DEBIAN_FRONTEND="noninteractive" apt-get install --no-install-recommends -y \
+    autoconf \
+    automake \
+    ca-certificates \
+    libarchive-dev \
+    wget \
+  && \
+  wget -q https://github.com/cartesi/genext2fs/archive/refs/tags/v1.5.6.tar.gz && \
+  echo "34bfc26a037def23b85b676912462a3d126a87ef15c66c212b3500650da44f9e  v1.5.6.tar.gz" | sha256sum -c - && \
+  tar -xzf v1.5.6.tar.gz && \
+  cd genext2fs-1.5.6 && \
+  ./autogen.sh && \
+  ./configure && \
+  make && \
+  make install && \
+  cd .. && \
+  rm -rf genext2fs-1.5.6 v1.5.6.tar.gz && \
+  rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/*
+
 # setup dirs
 # ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 RUN \
+  useradd developer && \
   mkdir -p ${BUILD_BASE}/artifacts && \
   chown -R developer:developer ${BUILD_BASE} && \
   chmod go+w ${BUILD_BASE}

diff --git a/Makefile b/Makefile
@@ -14,30 +14,26 @@
 # limitations under the License.
 #
 
-.PHONY: all build download push run pull share copy clean checksum
+.PHONY: all build env download copy clean distclean depclean checksum
 
 MAJOR := 0
-MINOR := 20
+MINOR := 21
 PATCH := 0
 LABEL :=
 IMAGE_KERNEL_VERSION?= $(MAJOR).$(MINOR).$(PATCH)$(LABEL)
 
 UNAME:=$(shell uname)
 
 TAG ?= devel
-TOOLCHAIN_REPOSITORY ?= cartesi/toolchain
-TOOLCHAIN_TAG ?= 0.17.0
 
 DEP_DIR := dep
 
-KERNEL_VERSION ?= 6.5.13-ctsi-1
+KERNEL_VERSION ?= 6.5.13-ctsi-2
 KERNEL_SRCPATH := $(DEP_DIR)/linux-${KERNEL_VERSION}.tar.gz
 
 OPENSBI_VERSION ?= 1.3.1-ctsi-2
 OPENSBI_SRCPATH := $(DEP_DIR)/opensbi-${OPENSBI_VERSION}.tar.gz
 
-CONTAINER_BASE := /opt/cartesi/kernel
-
 IMG ?= cartesi/linux-kernel:$(TAG)
 BASE:=/opt/riscv
 
@@ -53,14 +49,6 @@ ifneq ($(IMAGE_KERNEL_VERSION),)
 BUILD_ARGS += --build-arg IMAGE_KERNEL_VERSION=$(IMAGE_KERNEL_VERSION)
 endif
 
-ifneq ($(TOOLCHAIN_REPOSITORY),)
-BUILD_ARGS += --build-arg TOOLCHAIN_REPOSITORY=$(TOOLCHAIN_REPOSITORY)
-endif
-
-ifneq ($(TOOLCHAIN_TAG),)
-BUILD_ARGS += --build-arg TOOLCHAIN_VERSION=$(TOOLCHAIN_TAG)
-endif
-
 ifneq ($(KERNEL_VERSION),)
 BUILD_ARGS += --build-arg KERNEL_VERSION=$(KERNEL_VERSION)
 endif
@@ -79,34 +67,11 @@ all: build copy
 build: download
 	docker build -t $(IMG) $(BUILD_ARGS) .
 
-push:
-	docker push $(IMG)
-
-pull:
-	docker pull $(IMG)
-
-run:
-	docker run --hostname toolchain-env -it --rm \
-		-e USER=$$(id -u -n) \
-		-e GROUP=$$(id -g -n) \
-		-e UID=$$(id -u) \
-		-e GID=$$(id -g) \
-		-v `pwd`:$(CONTAINER_BASE) \
-		-w $(CONTAINER_BASE) \
-		$(IMG) $(CONTAINER_COMMAND)
-
-run-as-root:
-	docker run --hostname toolchain-env -it --rm \
-		-v `pwd`:$(CONTAINER_BASE) \
-		$(IMG) $(CONTAINER_COMMAND)
-
 env:
 	@echo KERNEL_VERSION="$(KERNEL_VERSION)"
 	@echo KERNEL_TIMESTAMP="$(KERNEL_TIMESTAMP)"
 	@echo IMAGE_KERNEL_VERSION="$(IMAGE_KERNEL_VERSION)"
 	@echo OPENSBI_VERSION="$(OPENSBI_VERSION)"
-	@echo TOOLCHAIN_REPOSITORY="$(TOOLCHAIN_REPOSITORY)"
-	@echo TOOLCHAIN_VERSION="$(TOOLCHAIN_TAG)"
 	@make -srf build.mk \
 		KERNEL_VERSION=$(KERNEL_VERSION) \
 		KERNEL_TIMESTAMP="$(KERNEL_TIMESTAMP)" \

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
-# Cartesi Machine Image Linux Kernel
+# Cartesi Machine Linux Image
 
-The Cartesi Image Linux Kernel is the repository that provides the Docker configuration files to build the Linux kernel `linux.bin` image. This is used to run a Linux environment on the Cartesi Machine Emulator reference implementation. The current image is based on the `cartesi/toolchain` that uses Ubuntu 22.04. The `linux.bin` is built from the Linux 5.5.x source, targeting the RISC-V RV64IMA with ABI LP64 architecture.
+The Cartesi Machine Linux Image is the repository that provides the Docker configuration files to build the Linux kernel `linux.bin` image. This is used to run a Linux environment on the Cartesi Machine Emulator reference implementation. The `linux.bin` is built from the Linux source, targeting `riscv64`.
 
 ## Getting Started
 
 ### Requirements
 
-- Docker 18.x
+- Docker >= 18.x
 - GNU Make >= 3.81
 
 ### Build
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ $ make -f build.mk
 ```
 
 There is also a `run-selftest` target to run the kernel tests.
-To use it, start a `remote-cartesi-machine` process from the emulator repository, then run:
+To use it, run:
 
 ```bash
 $ make -f build.mk run-selftest
@@ -44,39 +44,8 @@ $ make -f build.mk run-selftest
 
 The following options are available as `make` targets:
 
-- **build**: builds the docker image-kernel image
-- **copy**: builds the imgae-kernel image and copy it's artifact to the host
-- **run**: runs the generated image with current user UID and GID
-- **run-as-root**: runs the generated image as root
-- **push**: pushes the image to the registry repository
-
-#### Makefile container options
-
-You can pass the following variables to the make target if you wish to use different docker image tags.
-
-- TAG: image-roofs image tag
-- TOOLCHAIN\_TAG: toolchain image tag
-
-```
-$ make build TAG=mytag
-$ make build TOOLCHAIN_TAG=mytag
-```
-
-It's also useful if you want to use pre-built images:
-
-```
-$ make run TAG=latest
-```
-
-## Usage
-
-The purpose of this image is to build the `linux.bin` artifact so it can be used with the emulator. For instructions on how to do that, please see the emulator documentation.
-
-If you want to play around on the environment you can also do:
-
-```
-$ make run
-```
+- **build**: builds the docker linux-kernel image
+- **copy**: builds the docker linux-kernel image and copy it's artifact to the host
 
 ## Contributing
 
@@ -86,8 +55,7 @@ Please note we have a [Code of Conduct](CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md), please follow it in
 
 ## Authors
 
-* *Diego Nehab*
-* *Victor Fusco*
+See [AUTHORS](AUTHORS) file.
 
 ## License
 

diff --git a/build.mk b/build.mk
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-TOOLCHAIN_PREFIX    := riscv64-cartesi-linux-gnu
+TOOLCHAIN_PREFIX    := riscv64-linux-gnu
 
 OPENSBI_DIR        := work/opensbi
 OPENSBI_BUILD_DIR  := $(OPENSBI_DIR)/build
@@ -94,13 +94,13 @@ clean:
 	@rm -rf $(OPENSBI_BUILD_DIR)
 
 run-selftest:
-	cartesi-machine.lua --rollup \
-		--append-rom-bootargs=debug \
-		--remote-address=localhost:5001 \
-		--checkin-address=localhost:5002 \
+	cartesi-machine.lua \
+		--append-bootargs=debug \
 		--ram-image=`realpath $(LINUX)` \
-		--flash-drive=label:selftest,filename:`realpath $(SELFTEST)` \
-		-- $(CMD)
+		--flash-drive=label:selftest,data_filename:`realpath $(SELFTEST)` \
+		--user=root \
+		--workdir=/mnt/selftest \
+		-- ./run_kselftest.sh
 
 # clone (for non CI environment)
 # ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -114,8 +114,4 @@ clone:
 		git@github.com:cartesi/opensbi.git $(OPENSBI_DIR) || \
 		cd $(OPENSBI_DIR) && git pull
 
-run: IMG=cartesi/toolchain:devel
-run:
-	$(MAKE) run IMG=$(IMG)
-
 .PHONY: $(OPENSBI_BUILD_DIR)/Makefile $(LINUX_DIR)/vmlinux $(ARTIFACTS)
diff --git a/shasumfile b/shasumfile
@@ -1,2 +1,2 @@
-24f3326aad2aa630c6fb2192305b70963ca67c03b0218cdcd09033cbefc9e52d  dep/linux-6.5.13-ctsi-1.tar.gz
+7570adeda0dd69b070ad003ec1ba01bdf7767d0bce03226030bb5fce247a83be  dep/linux-6.5.13-ctsi-2.tar.gz
 35082380131117aa8424d1b81ca9e6e0280baa9bffbcf3f46080a652e4cb4385  dep/opensbi-1.3.1-ctsi-2.tar.gz
-Original file line number
+Diff line change
@@ Expand Up / @@ -2,3 +2,4 @@ artifacts/* @@
     dep/*
     *.tar.gz
     cartesi-linux-config
+    work