diff --git a/Statlib.lean b/Statlib.lean
index 707dba3..e8a9d9f 100644
--- a/Statlib.lean
+++ b/Statlib.lean
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import Statlib.Causal.PotentialResponse
+import Statlib.Causal.PotentialResponse.Contrast
 import Statlib.EValues.DPI
 import Statlib.EValues.EVariable
 import Statlib.EValues.Utility.Basic
diff --git a/Statlib/Causal/PotentialResponse/Contrast.lean b/Statlib/Causal/PotentialResponse/Contrast.lean
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..748824f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Statlib/Causal/PotentialResponse/Contrast.lean
@@ -0,0 +1,92 @@
+/-
+Copyright (c) 2026 Bo Cowgill. All rights reserved.
+Released under Apache 2.0 license as described in the file LICENSE.
+Authors: Bo Cowgill
+-/
+
+module
+
+public import Mathlib.Algebra.BigOperators.Expect
+public import Statlib.Causal.PotentialResponse
+
+/-!
+# Potential-Response Contrasts
+
+This module defines unit-level contrasts between two interventions and their averages over a finite
+population. It introduces estimands but no assignment mechanism, causal assumption, identification
+result, estimator, or statistical inference.
+-/
+
+@[expose] public section
+
+open scoped BigOperators
+
+namespace PotentialResponse
+
+variable {Intervention Unit Value : Type*}
+
+/-- The unit-level contrast between two interventions, first minus second.
+
+The definition needs only `Sub Value`; laws involving zero and negation use `AddGroup Value`.
+-/
+def contrast [Sub Value]
+    (response : PotentialResponse Intervention Unit Value)
+    (intervention₁ intervention₀ : Intervention) :
+    Unit → Value :=
+  fun unit ↦ response intervention₁ unit - response intervention₀ unit
+
+@[simp] theorem contrast_apply [Sub Value]
+    (response : PotentialResponse Intervention Unit Value)
+    (intervention₁ intervention₀ : Intervention)
+    (unit : Unit) :
+    response.contrast intervention₁ intervention₀ unit =
+      response intervention₁ unit - response intervention₀ unit := rfl
+
+/-- A unit's contrast with itself is zero. -/
+theorem contrast_self [AddGroup Value]
+    (response : PotentialResponse Intervention Unit Value)
+    (intervention : Intervention) (unit : Unit) :
+    response.contrast intervention intervention unit = 0 := by
+  simp
+
+/-- Swapping the interventions negates the unit-level contrast. -/
+theorem contrast_swap [AddGroup Value]
+    (response : PotentialResponse Intervention Unit Value)
+    (intervention₁ intervention₀ : Intervention) (unit : Unit) :
+    response.contrast intervention₁ intervention₀ unit =
+      -response.contrast intervention₀ intervention₁ unit := by
+  simp only [contrast_apply, neg_sub]
+
+/-- The average unit-level contrast over a finite population.
+
+The elements of `Unit` are the entire finite target population. The notation `𝔼` denotes the
+uniform `Finset.expect` over `Finset.univ`, giving every unit equal weight. It introduces no
+probability distribution, random sampling, or superpopulation expectation.
+
+For empty `Unit`, this is zero by an algebraic convention of `Finset.expect`, not a substantive
+claim about the causal effect in an empty population.
+
+When the interventions encode two unit-level treatments, this is the conventional
+finite-population average treatment effect. If they encode complete allocation vectors, it is
+instead an average contrast between two allocation regimes; this definition does not assume
+noninterference.
+-/
+def finitePopulationAverageContrast
+    [Fintype Unit]
+    [AddCommGroup Value] [Module ℚ≥0 Value]
+    (response : PotentialResponse Intervention Unit Value)
+    (intervention₁ intervention₀ : Intervention) :
+    Value :=
+  𝔼 unit, response.contrast intervention₁ intervention₀ unit
+
+theorem finitePopulationAverageContrast_eq_sub
+    [Fintype Unit]
+    [AddCommGroup Value] [Module ℚ≥0 Value]
+    (response : PotentialResponse Intervention Unit Value)
+    (intervention₁ intervention₀ : Intervention) :
+    response.finitePopulationAverageContrast intervention₁ intervention₀ =
+      (𝔼 unit, response intervention₁ unit) -
+        (𝔼 unit, response intervention₀ unit) := by
+  simp [finitePopulationAverageContrast, Finset.expect_sub_distrib]
+
+end PotentialResponse