@@ -17,7 +17,16 @@ permissions:
   actions: read
 
 concurrency:
-  group: deploy-cloudflare-${{ inputs.target || 'site' }}
+  # Every Test run that completes starts this workflow, including pull request
+  # runs and cancelled main runs. Their deploy job skips, but a run in the
+  # deploy group still replaces the run waiting there. On 2026-10-07 a pull
+  # request's run cancelled the queued deploy of #526, so main stayed
+  # undeployed. Only a successful main push can deploy, so every other run
+  # takes a group of its own.
+  group: >-
+    ${{ (github.event_name == 'workflow_run' && (github.event.workflow_run.event != 'push' || github.event.workflow_run.conclusion != 'success'))
+    && format('deploy-cloudflare-noop-{0}', github.run_id)
+    || format('deploy-cloudflare-{0}', inputs.target || 'site') }}
   # A deploy in flight must finish. This workflow applies D1 migrations and then
   # deploys the signer and public Worker, then runs smoke and rollback. Cancelling
   # between those steps leaves migrated data against the previous Worker.
@@ -85,8 +94,10 @@ jobs:
           CLOUDFLARE_API_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.CLOUDFLARE_API_TOKEN }}
           CLOUDFLARE_ACCOUNT_ID: ${{ secrets.CLOUDFLARE_ACCOUNT_ID }}
 
+      # Retries a transient Cloudflare API fault, such as code 10013. Any other
+      # failure stops the job at once.
       - name: Deploy Artifact signer
-        run: pnpm --filter @skilld/artifact-signer-worker deploy:production
+        run: pnpm production:deploy-signer
         env:
           CLOUDFLARE_API_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.CLOUDFLARE_API_TOKEN }}
           CLOUDFLARE_ACCOUNT_ID: ${{ secrets.CLOUDFLARE_ACCOUNT_ID }}
 
@@ -32,6 +32,7 @@
     "seo:curate-supported": "npx tsx scripts/curate-supported-source.ts",
     "embeddings:parity": "tsx scripts/check-embedding-parity.ts",
     "production:deploy": "tsx scripts/deploy-production.ts",
+    "production:deploy-signer": "tsx scripts/deploy-artifact-signer.ts",
     "production:smoke": "tsx scripts/check-production-smoke.ts",
     "production:edge-cache": "tsx scripts/check-edge-cache.ts",
     "registry:convergence": "tsx scripts/check-registry-convergence.ts",
 
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+// The Artifact signer has no smoke of its own: the site deploy and the
+// Artifact build smoke that follow it in the workflow exercise it.
+import { resolve } from 'node:path'
+import { withTransientRetry } from './lib/cloudflare-retry'
+import { createCommand, wait } from './lib/spawn-command'
+
+const workerDirectory = resolve(process.cwd(), 'workers/artifact-signer')
+const deploy = withTransientRetry(
+  createCommand(resolve(workerDirectory, 'node_modules/.bin/wrangler'), workerDirectory),
+  { wait, log: console.log },
+)
+
+deploy(['deploy', '--config', 'wrangler.jsonc'])
+  .then((result) => {
+    if (result._tag === 'failed')
+      process.exitCode = result.exitCode
+  })
+  .catch((error: unknown) => {
+    console.error(error instanceof Error ? error.stack : String(error))
+    process.exitCode = 1
+  })
@@ -1,41 +1,12 @@
-import type { ProductionCommand, ProductionCommandResult } from './lib/production-deploy'
-import { spawn } from 'node:child_process'
 import { resolve } from 'node:path'
+import { withTransientRetry } from './lib/cloudflare-retry'
 import { runProductionDeployment } from './lib/production-deploy'
 import { runProductionSmoke } from './lib/production-smoke'
-
-function createCommand(executable: string): ProductionCommand {
-  return args => new Promise<ProductionCommandResult>((resolvePromise, rejectPromise) => {
-    console.log(`$ wrangler ${args.join(' ')}`)
-    const child = spawn(executable, args, {
-      cwd: process.cwd(),
-      env: process.env,
-      stdio: ['ignore', 'pipe', 'pipe'],
-    })
-    let stdout = ''
-    let stderr = ''
-    child.stdout.on('data', (chunk: Buffer) => {
-      const value = chunk.toString()
-      stdout += value
-      process.stdout.write(value)
-    })
-    child.stderr.on('data', (chunk: Buffer) => {
-      const value = chunk.toString()
-      stderr += value
-      process.stderr.write(value)
-    })
-    child.on('error', rejectPromise)
-    child.on('close', (exitCode) => {
-      resolvePromise(exitCode === 0
-        ? { _tag: 'passed', stdout, stderr }
-        : { _tag: 'failed', stdout, stderr, exitCode: exitCode ?? 1 })
-    })
-  })
-}
+import { createCommand, wait } from './lib/spawn-command'
 
 async function main(): Promise<void> {
   const result = await runProductionDeployment({
-    command: createCommand(resolve(process.cwd(), 'node_modules/.bin/wrangler')),
+    command: withTransientRetry(createCommand(resolve(process.cwd(), 'node_modules/.bin/wrangler')), { wait, log: console.log }),
     smoke: () => runProductionSmoke({
       baseUrl: process.env.PRODUCTION_SMOKE_BASE_URL ?? 'https://skilld.dev',
     }),
 
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+import type { ProductionCommand, ProductionCommandResult } from './production-deploy'
+
+/**
+ * Cloudflare API faults that a later identical request can pass. On
+ * 2026-10-07 the Artifact signer deploy failed once with code 10013 ("An
+ * unknown error has occurred") and passed on a rerun. Authentication,
+ * permission, and configuration errors never match, so they fail at once.
+ */
+const API_FAILURE = /A request to the Cloudflare API \([^)]*\) failed/
+const API_FAULT = /\[code: 10013\]|An unknown error has occurred|\b50[0234]\b|Internal Server Error|Bad Gateway|Service Unavailable|Gateway Timeout/
+const NETWORK_FAULT = /\bfetch failed\b|ECONNRESET|ETIMEDOUT|socket hang up/
+
+export function isTransientCloudflareFailure(output: string): boolean {
+  return (API_FAILURE.test(output) && API_FAULT.test(output)) || NETWORK_FAULT.test(output)
+}
+
+export interface TransientRetryOptions {
+  wait: (milliseconds: number) => Promise<void>
+  log: (message: string) => void
+  /** One delay per retry. Two retries cover a fault that clears within a minute. */
+  delaysMs?: readonly number[]
+}
+
+const DEFAULT_DELAYS_MS = [15_000, 45_000] as const
+
+/**
+ * Runs a Cloudflare command again after a transient API fault. Every other
+ * result returns unchanged, including the last failure when retries run out.
+ * A repeated `wrangler deploy` uploads the same script again, so a retry after
+ * a partial deploy leaves the same code active.
+ */
+export function withTransientRetry(command: ProductionCommand, options: TransientRetryOptions): ProductionCommand {
+  const delays = options.delaysMs ?? DEFAULT_DELAYS_MS
+  return async (args) => {
+    let result: ProductionCommandResult = await command(args)
+    for (const [index, delay] of delays.entries()) {
+      if (result._tag === 'passed' || !isTransientCloudflareFailure(`${result.stdout}\n${result.stderr}`))
+        return result
+      options.log(`Cloudflare API fault on attempt ${index + 1} of ${delays.length + 1}. Retrying in ${delay / 1000}s.`)
+      await options.wait(delay)
+      result = await command(args)
+    }
+    return result
+  }
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+import type { ProductionCommand, ProductionCommandResult } from './production-deploy'
+import { spawn } from 'node:child_process'
+import { basename } from 'node:path'
+
+/** Runs one executable, echoes its output, and keeps the output for the caller. */
+export function createCommand(executable: string, cwd: string = process.cwd()): ProductionCommand {
+  return args => new Promise<ProductionCommandResult>((resolvePromise, rejectPromise) => {
+    console.log(`$ ${basename(executable)} ${args.join(' ')}`)
+    const child = spawn(executable, args, {
+      cwd,
+      env: process.env,
+      stdio: ['ignore', 'pipe', 'pipe'],
+    })
+    let stdout = ''
+    let stderr = ''
+    child.stdout.on('data', (chunk: Buffer) => {
+      const value = chunk.toString()
+      stdout += value
+      process.stdout.write(value)
+    })
+    child.stderr.on('data', (chunk: Buffer) => {
+      const value = chunk.toString()
+      stderr += value
+      process.stderr.write(value)
+    })
+    child.on('error', rejectPromise)
+    child.on('close', (exitCode) => {
+      resolvePromise(exitCode === 0
+        ? { _tag: 'passed', stdout, stderr }
+        : { _tag: 'failed', stdout, stderr, exitCode: exitCode ?? 1 })
+    })
+  })
+}
+
+export function wait(milliseconds: number): Promise<void> {
+  return new Promise(resolvePromise => setTimeout(resolvePromise, milliseconds))
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+import type { ProductionCommandResult } from '../../scripts/lib/production-deploy'
+import { describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+import { isTransientCloudflareFailure, withTransientRetry } from '../../scripts/lib/cloudflare-retry'
+
+// The Deploy Artifact signer step on 2026-10-07, run 37562888913 attempt 1.
+const UNKNOWN_ERROR = [
+  '✘ [ERROR] A request to the Cloudflare API (/accounts/abc/workers/scripts/skilld-artifact-signer/deployments) failed.',
+  '  An unknown error has occurred. If this error persists, please file a report in workers-sdk (https://github.com/cloudflare/workers-sdk/issues) or reach out to your account team. [code: 10013]',
+].join('\n')
+const AUTH_ERROR = '✘ [ERROR] A request to the Cloudflare API (/accounts/abc/workers/scripts/x) failed.\n  Authentication error [code: 10000]'
+
+function failed(stderr: string): ProductionCommandResult {
+  return { _tag: 'failed', stdout: '', stderr, exitCode: 1 }
+}
+
+const passed: ProductionCommandResult = { _tag: 'passed', stdout: 'Deployed', stderr: '' }
+
+describe('isTransientCloudflareFailure', () => {
+  it('treats the Cloudflare API unknown error as transient', () => {
+    expect(isTransientCloudflareFailure(UNKNOWN_ERROR)).toBe(true)
+  })
+
+  it('treats a gateway error from the Cloudflare API as transient', () => {
+    expect(isTransientCloudflareFailure('A request to the Cloudflare API (/accounts/abc/workers/scripts/x) failed.\n  503 Service Unavailable')).toBe(true)
+  })
+
+  it('never retries an authentication or configuration error', () => {
+    expect(isTransientCloudflareFailure(AUTH_ERROR)).toBe(false)
+    expect(isTransientCloudflareFailure('✘ [ERROR] Missing entry-point to Worker script or to assets directory')).toBe(false)
+  })
+})
+
+describe('withTransientRetry', () => {
+  it('retries a transient failure and returns the passing result', async () => {
+    const command = vi.fn()
+      .mockResolvedValueOnce(failed(UNKNOWN_ERROR))
+      .mockResolvedValueOnce(passed)
+    const wait = vi.fn().mockResolvedValue(undefined)
+    const retrying = withTransientRetry(command, { wait, log: () => {} })
+
+    await expect(retrying(['deploy'])).resolves.toEqual(passed)
+    expect(command).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(2)
+    expect(wait).toHaveBeenCalledOnce()
+  })
+
+  it('returns a non-transient failure without a retry', async () => {
+    const command = vi.fn().mockResolvedValue(failed(AUTH_ERROR))
+    const wait = vi.fn().mockResolvedValue(undefined)
+    const retrying = withTransientRetry(command, { wait, log: () => {} })
+
+    await expect(retrying(['deploy'])).resolves.toEqual(failed(AUTH_ERROR))
+    expect(command).toHaveBeenCalledOnce()
+    expect(wait).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+  })
+
+  it('stops after the last delay and returns the last failure', async () => {
+    const command = vi.fn().mockResolvedValue(failed(UNKNOWN_ERROR))
+    const wait = vi.fn().mockResolvedValue(undefined)
+    const retrying = withTransientRetry(command, { wait, log: () => {}, delaysMs: [10, 20] })
+
+    await expect(retrying(['deploy'])).resolves.toEqual(failed(UNKNOWN_ERROR))
+    expect(command).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(3)
+    expect(wait.mock.calls).toEqual([[10], [20]])
+  })
+})