@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+---
+'@objectstack/mcp': minor
+---
+
+fix(mcp): the data tools, `list_actions` and the record resource answer a coded refusal with its `code` (and `status`) beside the message, on stdio and Streamable HTTP alike (#23509)
+
+Clause-②: yes (widening)
+
+**What was wrong.** When a producer refused with an ADR-0112 envelope (`code`, `status`, the message), these surfaces handed an MCP client the message alone. The code is the half a client branches on. The refusals affected:
+
+- a key whose owner is held: `MFA_REQUIRED` / 403, refused "with the same code" at every seam;
+- `RECORD_NOT_FOUND` / 404;
+- `PERMISSION_DENIED` / 403;
+- `INVALID_FIELD` / 400;
+- the exposure refusals `OBJECT_API_DISABLED` / 404 and `OBJECT_API_METHOD_NOT_ALLOWED` / 405.
+
+`run_action` and `resume_run` already rendered the code. The other tools did not, and neither did the record resource.
+
+**What a client reads now.** The tools render the shape `run_action` already answers with. The record resource adds the code beside its unchanged `error` sentence, in the `{ error, code, status }` vocabulary the sibling resources `objectstack://objects` and `objectstack://objects/{objectName}` already use. A refusal's message is unchanged on both.
+
+A refusal's `details` is not rendered on these surfaces. What `details` may disclose is decided per error class at the HTTP boundary. For example, a `PERMISSION_DENIED` from the security gate carries the caller's positions and permission sets, and REST withholds them. This package holds no copy of that policy.
+
+## FROM → TO
+
+| surface | refusal | FROM | TO |
+|:--|:--|:--|:--|
+| tools `list_objects`, `describe_object`, `validate_expression`, `query_records`, `aggregate_records`, `get_record`, `create_record`, `update_record`, `delete_record`, `list_actions` | coded | `isError: true`; the text is the message | `isError: true`; the text is the JSON `{ "error": { "code", "message", "status" } }`. `status` appears only when the refusal carries one. |
+| resource `objectstack://objects/{objectName}/records/{recordId}` (stdio) | coded | `{ "error": MESSAGE }` | `{ "error": MESSAGE, "code", "status" }`. `status` appears only when the refusal carries one. `error` stays the same string. |
+| either | no code (a plain `Error`, a thrown string, an empty or non-string `code`) | the message | unchanged, byte-identical |
+
+**Reading it.** For a tool error, parse the text. If it is an object with `error.code`, branch on the code and show `error.message`. Otherwise the text is the message. For the record resource, `typeof body.error === 'string'` still tells a refusal from a row, and `body.code` is present when the refusal carried one.
@@ -0,0 +1,284 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 ObjectStack. Licensed under the Apache-2.0 license.
+
+/**
+ * [#23509] A thrown CODED refusal reaches an MCP client with its code, from
+ * every catch that renders one. A throw with no code renders exactly as before.
+ *
+ * ## What was open
+ *
+ * The data tools' catches and `list_actions`' returned
+ * `errorResult(messageOf(err))`, and the record resource wrote
+ * `{ error: message }`. So a refusal whose producer threw the ADR-0112 envelope
+ * reached the client as its sentence alone. That covers a held owner's key
+ * (`MFA_REQUIRED`, ruling C′ item 1: refused "with the same code" at every
+ * seam), `RECORD_NOT_FOUND`, and the exposure and permission refusals.
+ * `errorResultFromThrown` already rendered the code for `run_action` and
+ * `resume_run` (#15942); the other catches never used it.
+ *
+ * ## What is pinned here
+ *
+ *  - The HTTP `/mcp` face, through `handleHttpRequest` and the real Streamable
+ *    HTTP transport. Every tool's catch, each driven by its own bridge member,
+ *    renders the real `recordNotFoundError` (the value `protocol.getData`
+ *    throws when `get_record` misses on this face) as
+ *    `{ error: { code, message, status } }` with `isError`. The table is held
+ *    equal to the registered tool list, so a tool added later needs a row.
+ *  - The same catches render a code-less throw as its bare message,
+ *    byte-identical to `errorResult(messageOf(err))`. That includes the value
+ *    the HTTP bridge's exposure gate throws today, `{ statusCode, message }`
+ *    with no `code`. Nothing is invented for it.
+ *  - The data tools and `list_actions` WITHHOLD `details`. Measured on `/mcp`,
+ *    a `PERMISSION_DENIED` carries the caller's `positions` and
+ *    `permissionSets` there, which the runtime dispatcher drops from the wire.
+ *    `errorResultWithCode` says why.
+ *  - The record resource adds `code` / `status` beside the unchanged `error`
+ *    sentence and withholds `details` the same way. A code-less throw answers
+ *    `{ error }` byte-identically.
+ *
+ * The stdio face's pins live beside the fixtures that already drive it over a
+ * real `StdioServerTransport`. `MFA_REQUIRED` is pinned in
+ * `stdio-api-key-account-posture.pin.test.ts`. The exposure refusals, on both
+ * the tool and the resource, are pinned in
+ * `plugin.record-resource-exposure.test.ts`.
+ */
+
+import { describe, it, expect, vi } from 'vitest';
+import { Client } from '@modelcontextprotocol/sdk/client/index.js';
+import { InMemoryTransport } from '@modelcontextprotocol/sdk/inMemory.js';
+import { recordNotFoundError } from '@objectstack/core';
+import type { IMetadataService } from '@objectstack/spec/contracts';
+
+import { MCPServerRuntime } from './mcp-server-runtime.js';
+import type { McpActionBridge, McpDataBridge } from './mcp-http-tools.js';
+
+type Bridge = McpDataBridge & McpActionBridge & Required<Pick<McpDataBridge, 'aggregate'>>;
+
+/** Every member answers benignly, so a refusal comes only from the member a row names. */
+function benignBridge(): Bridge {
+  return {
+    async listObjects() { return [{ name: 'task', label: 'Task', fieldCount: 1 }]; },
+    async describeObject() { return { name: 'task', fields: [{ name: 'title', type: 'text' }] }; },
+    async query(object) { return { object, records: [], total: 0 }; },
+    async get(_object, id) { return { id }; },
+    async create(object, data) { return { object, id: 'n1', record: data }; },
+    async update(object, id, data) { return { object, id, record: data }; },
+    async remove(object, id) { return { object, id, success: true }; },
+    async aggregate() { return []; },
+    async listActions() { return []; },
+    async runAction(name) { return { ok: true, action: name }; },
+    async resumeRun(runId) { return { ok: true, runId }; },
+  };
+}
+
+interface Site {
+  tool: string;
+  args: Record<string, unknown>;
+  /** The bridge member whose throw this tool's catch renders. */
+  member: keyof Bridge;
+  /**
+   * `run_action` / `resume_run` render through `errorResultFromThrown`, which
+   * carries `details`. That is #15942's contract, and it is not this card's to
+   * change. The `details` pin below covers every other row.
+   */
+  actionDoor?: true;
+}
+
+/** Every tool `wireBridgeTools` registers for {@link benignBridge}, each with the member it calls first. */
+const SITES: readonly Site[] = [
+  { tool: 'list_objects', args: {}, member: 'listObjects' },
+  { tool: 'describe_object', args: { objectName: 'task' }, member: 'describeObject' },
+  { tool: 'validate_expression', args: { objectName: 'task', expression: 'record.title' }, member: 'describeObject' },
+  { tool: 'query_records', args: { objectName: 'task' }, member: 'query' },
+  {
+    tool: 'aggregate_records',
+    args: { objectName: 'task', aggregations: [{ function: 'count', alias: 'n' }] },
+    member: 'aggregate',
+  },
+  { tool: 'get_record', args: { objectName: 'task', recordId: 't9' }, member: 'get' },
+  { tool: 'create_record', args: { objectName: 'task', data: { title: 'x' } }, member: 'create' },
+  { tool: 'update_record', args: { objectName: 'task', recordId: 't9', data: { title: 'x' } }, member: 'update' },
+  { tool: 'delete_record', args: { objectName: 'task', recordId: 't9' }, member: 'remove' },
+  { tool: 'list_actions', args: {}, member: 'listActions' },
+  { tool: 'run_action', args: { actionName: 'complete' }, member: 'runAction', actionDoor: true },
+  { tool: 'resume_run', args: { runId: 'r1' }, member: 'resumeRun', actionDoor: true },
+];
+
+/**
+ * The security gate's denial as it reached `/mcp` when measured on the
+ * showcase stack: the caller's authorization topology rides in `details`. The
+ * runtime dispatcher drops these `details` from the wire.
+ */
+function securityGateDenial(): Error {
+  return Object.assign(
+    new Error('You do not have permission to perform this action. Contact your administrator if you need access.'),
+    {
+      code: 'PERMISSION_DENIED',
+      status: 403,
+      details: {
+        operation: 'delete',
+        object: 'showcase_private_note',
+        positions: ['org_member', 'everyone'],
+        permissionSets: ['showcase_member_default', 'member_default'],
+      },
+    },
+  );
+}
+
+function bridgeThrowing(member: keyof Bridge, thrown: unknown): Bridge {
+  const bridge = benignBridge();
+  (bridge as unknown as Record<string, unknown>)[member] = async () => {
+    throw thrown;
+  };
+  return bridge;
+}
+
+let nextId = 1;
+async function rpcOverHttp(bridge: Bridge, method: string, params?: Record<string, unknown>) {
+  const body = { jsonrpc: '2.0', id: nextId++, method, ...(params ? { params } : {}) };
+  const runtime = new MCPServerRuntime({ name: 'pin', version: '0.0.0' });
+  const res = await runtime.handleHttpRequest(
+    new Request('http://localhost/api/v1/mcp', {
+      method: 'POST',
+      headers: { 'content-type': 'application/json', accept: 'application/json, text/event-stream' },
+      body: JSON.stringify(body),
+    }),
+    { bridge, parsedBody: body },
+  );
+  expect(res.status, `${method}: the HTTP transport itself answered ${res.status}`).toBe(200);
+  const json = (await res.json()) as { result?: any; error?: unknown };
+  expect(json.error, `${method}: JSON-RPC error ${JSON.stringify(json.error)}`).toBeUndefined();
+  return json.result;
+}
+
+async function callTool(site: Site, thrown: unknown) {
+  return rpcOverHttp(bridgeThrowing(site.member, thrown), 'tools/call', { name: site.tool, arguments: site.args });
+}
+
+describe('MCP tools over HTTP /mcp: a coded refusal carries its code (#23509)', () => {
+  it('the table names every registered tool, so a tool added later needs a row here', async () => {
+    const listed = await rpcOverHttp(benignBridge(), 'tools/list');
+    const names = (listed.tools as Array<{ name: string }>).map((t) => t.name).sort();
+    expect(names).toEqual(SITES.map((s) => s.tool).sort());
+  });
+
+  for (const site of SITES) {
+    it(`${site.tool}: RECORD_NOT_FOUND from ${String(site.member)} answers code, message and status`, async () => {
+      const result = await callTool(site, recordNotFoundError('task', 't9'));
+      expect(result.isError).toBe(true);
+      expect(result.content).toHaveLength(1);
+      expect(JSON.parse(result.content[0].text)).toEqual({
+        error: { code: 'RECORD_NOT_FOUND', message: 'Record t9 not found in task', status: 404 },
+      });
+    });
+
+    it(`${site.tool}: a code-less throw from ${String(site.member)} answers its bare message, as before`, async () => {
+      const result = await callTool(site, new Error('engine exploded'));
+      expect(result).toEqual({ content: [{ type: 'text', text: 'engine exploded' }], isError: true });
+    });
+
+    if (!site.actionDoor) {
+      it(`${site.tool}: a PERMISSION_DENIED answers code, message and status, and WITHHOLDS its details`, async () => {
+        const result = await callTool(site, securityGateDenial());
+        expect(result.isError).toBe(true);
+        expect(JSON.parse(result.content[0].text)).toEqual({
+          error: {
+            code: 'PERMISSION_DENIED',
+            message: 'You do not have permission to perform this action. Contact your administrator if you need access.',
+            status: 403,
+          },
+        });
+        expect(result.content[0].text).not.toContain('permissionSets');
+      });
+    }
+  }
+
+  // One site is enough below: every catch renders through the one reader.
+  const query = SITES.find((s) => s.tool === 'query_records')!;
+
+  it('the HTTP bridge exposure gate\'s `{ statusCode, message }` (no `code`) answers its bare message: nothing is invented', async () => {
+    const thrown = { statusCode: 404, message: "Object 'task' is not exposed via the API" };
+    expect(await callTool(query, thrown)).toEqual({
+      content: [{ type: 'text', text: "Object 'task' is not exposed via the API" }],
+      isError: true,
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('an empty or non-string `code`, or a thrown string, is not a code', async () => {
+    for (const thrown of [
+      Object.assign(new Error('empty code'), { code: '', status: 403 }),
+      Object.assign(new Error('numeric code'), { code: 403, status: 403 }),
+      'a thrown string',
+    ]) {
+      const text = thrown instanceof Error ? thrown.message : String(thrown);
+      expect(await callTool(query, thrown), text).toEqual({ content: [{ type: 'text', text }], isError: true });
+    }
+  });
+
+  it('omits a `status` that is not a number', async () => {
+    const statusless = Object.assign(new Error('no status here'), { code: 'PERMISSION_DENIED', status: '403' });
+    expect(JSON.parse((await callTool(query, statusless)).content[0].text)).toEqual({
+      error: { code: 'PERMISSION_DENIED', message: 'no status here' },
+    });
+  });
+});
+
+describe('the record resource: a coded refusal adds its code beside the unchanged sentence (#23509)', () => {
+  const URI = 'objectstack://objects/task/records/t1';
+
+  /** Read the record resource of a server whose reader throws `thrown`; answers the raw body text. */
+  async function readRefused(thrown: unknown): Promise<string> {
+    const runtime = new MCPServerRuntime({ name: 'pin', version: '0.0.0' });
+    const metadata = {
+      listObjects: vi.fn(async () => []),
+      getObject: vi.fn(async () => null),
+    } as unknown as IMetadataService;
+    runtime.bridgeResources(metadata, async () => {
+      throw thrown;
+    });
+    const [clientSide, serverSide] = InMemoryTransport.createLinkedPair();
+    await runtime.server.connect(serverSide);
+    const client = new Client({ name: 'pin', version: '0.0.0' });
+    await client.connect(clientSide);
+    try {
+      const read = await client.readResource({ uri: URI });
+      expect(read.contents).toHaveLength(1);
+      expect(read.contents[0]!.uri).toBe(URI);
+      return String((read.contents[0] as { text?: unknown }).text);
+    } finally {
+      await client.close();
+    }
+  }
+
+  it('MFA_REQUIRED / 403: `code` and `status` beside `error`, which stays the sentence', async () => {
+    const message = 'Multi-factor authentication is required. Please set up an authenticator app to continue.';
+    const body = JSON.parse(await readRefused(Object.assign(new Error(message), { code: 'MFA_REQUIRED', status: 403 })));
+    expect(body).toEqual({ error: message, code: 'MFA_REQUIRED', status: 403 });
+    // The discriminator a resource client already uses to tell a refusal from a row.
+    expect(typeof body.error).toBe('string');
+  });
+
+  it('a PERMISSION_DENIED answers code and status and WITHHOLDS its details', async () => {
+    const denial = securityGateDenial();
+    expect(JSON.parse(await readRefused(denial))).toEqual({
+      error: denial.message,
+      code: 'PERMISSION_DENIED',
+      status: 403,
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('carries no `status` when the refusal has none', async () => {
+    const thrown = Object.assign(new Error('Field read denied: salary'), { code: 'PERMISSION_DENIED' });
+    expect(JSON.parse(await readRefused(thrown))).toEqual({
+      error: 'Field read denied: salary',
+      code: 'PERMISSION_DENIED',
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('a code-less throw answers `{ error }` byte-identically', async () => {
+    expect(await readRefused(new Error('engine exploded'))).toBe(JSON.stringify({ error: 'engine exploded' }));
+    expect(await readRefused('a thrown string')).toBe(JSON.stringify({ error: 'a thrown string' }));
+    expect(await readRefused(Object.assign(new Error('empty code'), { code: '' }))).toBe(
+      JSON.stringify({ error: 'empty code' }),
+    );
+  });
+});