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+---
+'@objectstack/plugin-auth': patch
+---
+
+fix(plugin-auth): the MCP access-token verifier follows the signing keyring instead of holding its own copy of the key set for five minutes
+
+Clause-②: no
+
+- **What changed.** `AuthManager.verifyMcpAccessToken` no longer keeps its own copy of the signing key set for five minutes. It reads the key set on every call through the same keyring reader the token signer and `/jwks` use, so the set it checks a signature against is held only under both halves of the cross-request caching rule: a `sys_jwks` write that passes this process's data engine retires it in the same operation, and a 30-second bound covers a write the process cannot see, such as one made on another node.
+- **A token signed by a key the set does not carry gets one fresh read.** Before such a token is refused, the keyring is read once more from the table, and the token is checked again. That read is shared by every token that arrives while it is in flight, and a new one starts no sooner than 30 seconds after the previous one, so tokens that name keys which do not exist cost at most one keyring read per 30 seconds. A token whose key is still absent after that read is refused, as before.
+- **Unchanged.** Issuer, audience, expiry, the `client_credentials` refusal and the `organization_id` claim are checked exactly as before. Only the public key set `/jwks` publishes is used for verification. No export, configuration key or environment variable is added.
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+// Copyright (c) 2026 ObjectStack. Licensed under the Apache-2.0 license.
+
+/**
+ * [#24186] The MCP access-token verifier's key set follows the cross-request
+ * caching rule: it is read through the signer's own keyring reader, so a
+ * keyring write this process observes reaches the next verification, the
+ * reader's TTL bounds a write it cannot see, and a token signed by a key the
+ * set does not carry earns one bounded fresh read before it is refused.
+ *
+ * ## The composition
+ *
+ * A real `AuthManager` on a real `ObjectQL` over `@objectstack/driver-sql` +
+ * better-sqlite3, with this plugin's identity objects. Its embedded
+ * authorization server is on (a loopback origin, the MCP surface on), so the
+ * jwt plugin and its keyring reader are the ones a deployment runs. Tokens are
+ * signed by that jwt plugin's own `signJWT` with the stored key, for this
+ * deployment's issuer and MCP audience.
+ *
+ * ## What is pinned — one consequence per case
+ *
+ *  1. A signing key removed from the keyring stops verifying the tokens it
+ *     signed on the very next call, with no clock movement.
+ *  2. A key that joins the keyring after the verifier's last read verifies on
+ *     the first call: through the write seam when the write passes this
+ *     process's engine, and through the one bounded fresh read when it does not
+ *     (written below the engine here, as a write on another node would be).
+ *  3. A burst of tokens naming keys the keyring does not carry costs at most
+ *     one keyring read inside the floor interval, however the burst is spread.
+ *
+ * The bound's own edges — a read in flight is joined, the floor re-arms
+ * exactly at its interval, a failed read still spends it — are pinned on a
+ * counting key-set double at the foot of the file.
+ */
+
+import { describe, it, expect, afterEach, beforeEach, vi } from 'vitest';
+import { SignJWT, exportJWK, generateKeyPair } from 'jose';
+import { ObjectQL } from '@objectstack/objectql';
+import { SqlDriver } from '@objectstack/driver-sql';
+import { AuthManager } from './auth-manager.js';
+import { authIdentityObjects } from './manifest.js';
+import { retireHeldKeyrings, UNKNOWN_SIGNING_KEY_REREAD_FLOOR_MS } from './signing-key-read-cache.js';
+
+const BASE = 'http://localhost:3000';
+const SECRET = 'test-secret-at-least-32-chars-long-24186';
+const SYS = { context: { isSystem: true } } as const;
+const USER = 'usr_24186';
+const CLIENT = 'client_24186';
+
+const ENV_KEYS = ['OS_MCP_SERVER_ENABLED', 'OS_OIDC_PROVIDER_ENABLED'] as const;
+const savedEnv: Record<string, string | undefined> = {};
+const engines: ObjectQL[] = [];
+
+beforeEach(() => {
+  for (const k of ENV_KEYS) {
+    savedEnv[k] = process.env[k];
+    delete process.env[k];
+  }
+  process.env.OS_MCP_SERVER_ENABLED = 'true';
+});
+afterEach(async () => {
+  vi.useRealTimers();
+  vi.restoreAllMocks();
+  for (const k of ENV_KEYS) {
+    if (savedEnv[k] === undefined) delete process.env[k];
+    else process.env[k] = savedEnv[k];
+  }
+  while (engines.length) {
+    try {
+      await (engines.pop() as unknown as { destroy?(): Promise<void> })?.destroy?.();
+    } catch {
+      /* noop */
+    }
+  }
+});
+
+/** The `kid` a compact JWS names. */
+const kidOf = (jwt: string): string =>
+  JSON.parse(Buffer.from(jwt.split('.')[0]!, 'base64url').toString('utf8')).kid;
+
+/** A real AuthManager on a real engine, its keyring reads counted below the engine. */
+async function verifierRig() {
+  vi.spyOn(console, 'warn').mockImplementation(() => {});
+  const engine = new ObjectQL();
+  engines.push(engine);
+  const driver = new SqlDriver({ client: 'better-sqlite3', connection: { filename: ':memory:' }, useNullAsDefault: true });
+  engine.registerDriver(driver, true);
+  await engine.init();
+  for (const object of authIdentityObjects) {
+    engine.registry.registerObject(object as never, '@objectstack/plugin-auth');
+  }
+  await engine.syncSchemas();
+  vi.spyOn((engine as any).logger, 'info').mockImplementation(() => undefined);
+
+  // Every driver read of the keyring table, whichever verb carries it.
+  let keyringDriverReads = 0;
+  for (const verb of ['find', 'findOne'] as const) {
+    const original = (driver as any)[verb].bind(driver);
+    (driver as any)[verb] = async (object: string, ...rest: unknown[]) => {
+      if (object === 'sys_jwks') keyringDriverReads += 1;
+      return original(object, ...rest);
+    };
+  }
+
+  const manager = new AuthManager({ secret: SECRET, baseUrl: BASE, dataEngine: engine as never } as never);
+  const api: any = await manager.getApi();
+
+  /** A token for this deployment's MCP resource, signed by the jwt plugin with the stored key. */
+  const mint = async (): Promise<string> =>
+    (await api.signJWT({
+      body: {
+        payload: {
+          sub: USER,
+          azp: CLIENT,
+          scope: 'data:read',
+          iss: manager.getAuthIssuer(),
+          aud: manager.getMcpResourceUrl(),
+        },
+      },
+    })).token;
+
+  /** A token for the same issuer and audience, signed by `privateKey` under `kid`. */
+  const signWith = (privateKey: CryptoKey, kid: string): Promise<string> => {
+    const now = Math.floor(Date.now() / 1000);
+    return new SignJWT({ scope: 'data:read', azp: CLIENT })
+      .setProtectedHeader({ alg: 'EdDSA', kid })
+      .setIssuer(manager.getAuthIssuer())
+      .setAudience(manager.getMcpResourceUrl())
+      .setSubject(USER)
+      .setIssuedAt(now)
+      .setExpirationTime(now + 900)
+      .sign(privateKey);
+  };
+
+  /** What ONE keyring read costs at the driver on this engine — the unit the burst is counted in. */
+  const oneKeyringRead = async (): Promise<number> => {
+    const before = keyringDriverReads;
+    retireHeldKeyrings(engine);
+    await api.getJwks();
+    return keyringDriverReads - before;
+  };
+
+  return { engine, driver, manager, api, mint, signWith, oneKeyringRead, keyringReads: () => keyringDriverReads };
+}
+
+describe('[#24186] the MCP verifier\'s key set follows the keyring, on a real engine', () => {
+  it('a signing key removed from the keyring stops verifying its tokens on the next call, with no clock movement', async () => {
+    const { engine, manager, mint } = await verifierRig();
+    const token = await mint();
+    expect(await manager.verifyMcpAccessToken(token)).toMatchObject({ userId: USER, clientId: CLIENT });
+
+    await engine.delete('sys_jwks', { where: { id: kidOf(token) }, ...SYS });
+
+    expect(await manager.verifyMcpAccessToken(token)).toBeNull();
+    // The verifier itself is intact: a token from the key that replaced it verifies.
+    const next = await mint();
+    expect(kidOf(next)).not.toBe(kidOf(token));
+    expect(await manager.verifyMcpAccessToken(next)).toMatchObject({ userId: USER });
+  }, 60_000);
+
+  it('a key that joins the keyring through this engine after the last read verifies on the first call', async () => {
+    const { engine, manager, mint } = await verifierRig();
+    const first = await mint();
+    expect(await manager.verifyMcpAccessToken(first)).toMatchObject({ userId: USER });
+
+    // The stored key expires a moment ago, so the next signature mints its successor.
+    await engine.update('sys_jwks', { id: kidOf(first), expires_at: new Date(Date.now() - 1_000).toISOString() }, SYS);
+    const second = await mint();
+    expect(kidOf(second)).not.toBe(kidOf(first));
+
+    expect(await manager.verifyMcpAccessToken(second)).toMatchObject({ userId: USER });
+  }, 60_000);
+
+  it('a key that joins the keyring where this engine cannot see it verifies on the first call, through one fresh read', async () => {
+    const { driver, manager, mint, signWith, oneKeyringRead, keyringReads } = await verifierRig();
+    expect(await manager.verifyMcpAccessToken(await mint())).toMatchObject({ userId: USER });
+    const unit = await oneKeyringRead();
+    expect(unit, 'the instrument sees a keyring read').toBeGreaterThan(0);
+
+    // A key row written BELOW the engine, as another node's write would land:
+    // nothing in this process observes it. Its private half is never read here.
+    const pair = await generateKeyPair('EdDSA', { crv: 'Ed25519', extractable: true });
+    const kid = 'key_24186_unobserved';
+    await driver.create('sys_jwks', {
+      id: kid,
+      public_key: JSON.stringify(await exportJWK(pair.publicKey)),
+      private_key: '{}',
+      alg: 'EdDSA',
+      crv: 'Ed25519',
+      created_at: new Date().toISOString(),
+    });
+
+    const before = keyringReads();
+    expect(await manager.verifyMcpAccessToken(await signWith(pair.privateKey as CryptoKey, kid)))
+      .toMatchObject({ userId: USER, clientId: CLIENT });
+    expect(keyringReads() - before, 'the first call paid exactly one fresh keyring read').toBe(unit);
+  }, 60_000);
+
+  it('a burst of tokens naming keys the keyring does not carry costs at most one keyring read inside the floor interval', async () => {
+    const { manager, mint, signWith, oneKeyringRead, keyringReads } = await verifierRig();
+    expect(await manager.verifyMcpAccessToken(await mint())).toMatchObject({ userId: USER });
+    const unit = await oneKeyringRead();
+    expect(unit, 'the instrument sees a keyring read').toBeGreaterThan(0);
+
+    const stranger = await generateKeyPair('EdDSA', { crv: 'Ed25519' });
+    const unknown = (i: number) => signWith(stranger.privateKey as CryptoKey, `key_24186_absent_${i}`);
+
+    const before = keyringReads();
+    // Concurrent, then one after another: neither shape buys a second read.
+    const concurrent = await Promise.all(
+      Array.from({ length: 20 }, async (_, i) => manager.verifyMcpAccessToken(await unknown(i))),
+    );
+    const sequential: unknown[] = [];
+    for (let i = 20; i < 40; i += 1) sequential.push(await manager.verifyMcpAccessToken(await unknown(i)));
+
+    expect([...concurrent, ...sequential].every((r) => r === null)).toBe(true);
+    expect(keyringReads() - before).toBe(unit);
+    // And a token the keyring does carry still verifies from the held set, for free.
+    const known = await mint();
+    const beforeKnown = keyringReads();
+    expect(await manager.verifyMcpAccessToken(known)).toMatchObject({ userId: USER });
+    expect(keyringReads() - beforeKnown).toBe(0);
+  }, 60_000);
+});
+
+describe('[#24186] the bound on the fresh read an unknown key earns', () => {
+  const ISSUER = 'https://acme.example.com/api/v1/auth';
+  const AUDIENCE = 'https://acme.example.com/api/v1/mcp';
+
+  /**
+   * A manager whose key set is a counting double: every `getJwks()` call is
+   * one read, numbered from 1, and `answer(n)` decides what read `n` returns
+   * (or throws). With no reader behind it, every call is a read through.
+   */
+  async function countingManager() {
+    const known = await generateKeyPair('RS256');
+    const rotated = await generateKeyPair('RS256');
+    const before = { keys: [{ ...(await exportJWK(known.publicKey)), alg: 'RS256', kid: 'known' }] };
+    const after = { keys: [...before.keys, { ...(await exportJWK(rotated.publicKey)), alg: 'RS256', kid: 'rotated' }] };
+    const state = { reads: 0, answer: (_n: number): Promise<unknown> | unknown => before };
+    const manager = new AuthManager({ secret: SECRET, baseUrl: 'https://acme.example.com' });
+    vi.spyOn(manager, 'getApi').mockResolvedValue({
+      getJwks: async () => {
+        state.reads += 1;
+        return state.answer(state.reads);
+      },
+    } as any);
+    const token = (privateKey: CryptoKey, kid: string) => {
+      const now = Math.floor(Date.now() / 1000);
+      return new SignJWT({ scope: 'data:read', azp: CLIENT })
+        .setProtectedHeader({ alg: 'RS256', kid })
+        .setIssuer(ISSUER)
+        .setAudience(AUDIENCE)
+        .setSubject(USER)
+        .setIssuedAt(now)
+        .setExpirationTime(now + 900)
+        .sign(privateKey);
+    };
+    return {
+      manager,
+      state,
+      after,
+      rotatedToken: () => token(rotated.privateKey as CryptoKey, 'rotated'),
+      absentToken: (kid: string) => token(rotated.privateKey as CryptoKey, kid),
+    };
+  }
+
+  it('a token arriving while the fresh read is in flight shares it', async () => {
+    const { manager, state, after, rotatedToken } = await countingManager();
+    let open!: () => void;
+    const gate = new Promise<void>((resolve) => { open = resolve; });
+    // Read 2 is the fresh read: it answers the rotated set, once the gate opens.
+    // Every other read answers the set from before the rotation.
+    const original = state.answer;
+    state.answer = async (n) => (n === 2 ? (await gate, after) : original(n));
+
+    const first = manager.verifyMcpAccessToken(await rotatedToken());
+    await vi.waitFor(() => expect(state.reads).toBe(2));
+    const second = manager.verifyMcpAccessToken(await rotatedToken());
+    await vi.waitFor(() => expect(state.reads).toBe(3));
+    // Let the second call reach the fresh read before it settles.
+    await new Promise((resolve) => setTimeout(resolve, 25));
+    open();
+
+    // The second call verifies only by joining read 2: a read of its own (read
+    // 4) would answer the old set, and a refusal by the floor would be `null`.
+    expect(await first).toMatchObject({ userId: USER });
+    expect(await second).toMatchObject({ userId: USER });
+    expect(state.reads).toBe(3);
+  });
+
+  it('the floor re-arms exactly at its interval, and not a millisecond before', async () => {
+    vi.useFakeTimers({ toFake: ['Date'] });
+    vi.setSystemTime(new Date('2026-10-17T12:00:00Z'));
+    const { manager, state, absentToken } = await countingManager();
+
+    expect(await manager.verifyMcpAccessToken(await absentToken('absent_1'))).toBeNull();
+    expect(state.reads).toBe(2); // the set, and the one fresh read
+
+    vi.setSystemTime(Date.now() + UNKNOWN_SIGNING_KEY_REREAD_FLOOR_MS - 1);
+    expect(await manager.verifyMcpAccessToken(await absentToken('absent_2'))).toBeNull();
+    expect(state.reads).toBe(3); // the set only: still inside the floor
+
+    vi.setSystemTime(Date.now() + 1);
+    expect(await manager.verifyMcpAccessToken(await absentToken('absent_3'))).toBeNull();
+    expect(state.reads).toBe(5); // the set, and a fresh read again
+  });
+
+  it('a fresh read that fails still spends the interval', async () => {
+    const { manager, state, absentToken } = await countingManager();
+    const original = state.answer;
+    state.answer = (n) => {
+      if (n === 2) throw new Error('keyring unreadable');
+      return original(n);
+    };
+
+    expect(await manager.verifyMcpAccessToken(await absentToken('absent_x'))).toBeNull();
+    expect(await manager.verifyMcpAccessToken(await absentToken('absent_y'))).toBeNull();
+    expect(state.reads).toBe(3); // the set and the failed fresh read, then the set alone
+  });
+});