diff --git a/client/client_cache_test.go b/client/client_cache_test.go
index 7ec34307b65f..cda1872f9a4c 100644
--- a/client/client_cache_test.go
+++ b/client/client_cache_test.go
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 package client
 
 import (
+	"context"
 	"encoding/base64"
 	"encoding/json"
 	"fmt"
@@ -15,13 +16,17 @@ import (
 	"time"
 
 	ctd "github.com/containerd/containerd/v2/client"
+	"github.com/containerd/containerd/v2/core/content"
 	"github.com/containerd/containerd/v2/core/images"
 	"github.com/containerd/containerd/v2/pkg/namespaces"
+	contentlocal "github.com/containerd/containerd/v2/plugins/content/local"
 	cerrdefs "github.com/containerd/errdefs"
 	cacheimporttypes "github.com/moby/buildkit/cache/remotecache/v1/types"
 	"github.com/moby/buildkit/client/llb"
 	"github.com/moby/buildkit/exporter/containerimage/exptypes"
 	"github.com/moby/buildkit/identity"
+	"github.com/moby/buildkit/session"
+	sessioncontent "github.com/moby/buildkit/session/content"
 	"github.com/moby/buildkit/util/testutil"
 	"github.com/moby/buildkit/util/testutil/helpers"
 	"github.com/moby/buildkit/util/testutil/integration"
@@ -30,8 +35,145 @@ import (
 	"github.com/pkg/errors"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
 	"github.com/tonistiigi/fsutil"
+	"golang.org/x/sync/errgroup"
 )
 
+func testConcurrentLocalCacheExport(t *testing.T, sb integration.Sandbox) {
+	integration.SkipOnPlatform(t, "windows")
+	workers.CheckFeatureCompat(t, sb, workers.FeatureCacheExport, workers.FeatureCacheBackendLocal)
+
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeoutCause(sb.Context(), time.Minute, errors.New("concurrent local cache export timed out"))
+	defer cancel()
+
+	c, err := New(ctx, sb.Address())
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	defer c.Close()
+
+	st := llb.Image("busybox:latest").Run(llb.Shlex("sh -c 'echo shared > /out/payload'")).AddMount("/out", llb.Scratch())
+	def, err := st.Marshal(ctx)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	dir := t.TempDir()
+	opened := make(chan struct{}, 2)
+	blocked := make(chan struct{}, 1)
+	releases := [2]chan struct{}{make(chan struct{}), make(chan struct{})}
+	completed := make(chan error, 2)
+	eg, ctx := errgroup.WithContext(ctx)
+	for i := range 2 {
+		store, err := newLocalCacheStore(dir)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		s, err := session.NewSession(ctx, "")
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		t.Cleanup(func() { require.NoError(t, s.Close()) })
+		s.Allow(sessioncontent.NewAttachable(map[string]content.Store{
+			"local:" + dir: &gatedCacheStore{Store: store, opened: opened, blocked: blocked, release: releases[i]},
+		}))
+		eg.Go(func() error { return s.Run(ctx, c.Dialer()) })
+		eg.Go(func() error {
+			defer s.Close()
+			_, err := c.Solve(ctx, def, SolveOpt{
+				SharedSession:         s,
+				SessionPreInitialized: true,
+				CacheExports: []CacheOptionsEntry{{Type: "local", Attrs: map[string]string{
+					"dest": dir,
+					"tag":  fmt.Sprintf("export-%d", i),
+				}}},
+			}, nil)
+			completed <- err
+			return err
+		})
+		if i == 0 {
+			select {
+			case <-opened:
+			case <-ctx.Done():
+				t.Fatal(context.Cause(ctx))
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	done := make(chan error, 1)
+	go func() { done <- eg.Wait() }()
+
+	// The first export owns the ingest. The second must retry rather than
+	// opening and modifying the same temporary files.
+	select {
+	case <-blocked:
+	case <-opened:
+		t.Fatal("second export opened an active ingest")
+	case <-ctx.Done():
+		t.Fatal(context.Cause(ctx))
+	}
+
+	entries, err := os.ReadDir(filepath.Join(dir, "ingest"))
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.Len(t, entries, 1, "exports of the same reference must reuse its ingest")
+	// Index updates use a non-blocking lock. Delay the second export's retry
+	// until the first has published its index entry.
+	for _, release := range releases {
+		close(release)
+		require.NoError(t, <-completed)
+	}
+	require.NoError(t, <-done)
+
+	dt, err := os.ReadFile(filepath.Join(dir, "index.json"))
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	var index ocispecs.Index
+	require.NoError(t, json.Unmarshal(dt, &index))
+	require.Len(t, index.Manifests, 2)
+
+	store, err := contentlocal.NewStore(dir)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	for _, desc := range index.Manifests {
+		dt, err := content.ReadBlob(sb.Context(), store, desc)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		var manifest ocispecs.Manifest
+		require.NoError(t, json.Unmarshal(dt, &manifest))
+		for _, blob := range append(manifest.Layers, manifest.Config) {
+			dt, err := content.ReadBlob(sb.Context(), store, blob)
+			require.NoError(t, err)
+			require.Equal(t, blob.Digest, blob.Digest.Algorithm().FromBytes(dt))
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// gatedCacheStore pauses the first writer so two exports can overlap without
+// relying on scheduling or a large payload to keep an ingest active.
+type gatedCacheStore struct {
+	content.Store
+	opened  chan<- struct{}
+	blocked chan<- struct{}
+	release <-chan struct{}
+	paused  atomic.Bool
+}
+
+func (s *gatedCacheStore) Writer(ctx context.Context, opts ...content.WriterOpt) (content.Writer, error) {
+	w, err := s.Store.Writer(ctx, opts...)
+	if err != nil {
+		if errors.Is(err, cerrdefs.ErrUnavailable) {
+			select {
+			case s.blocked <- struct{}{}:
+			default:
+			}
+			select {
+			case <-s.release:
+			case <-ctx.Done():
+				return nil, context.Cause(ctx)
+			}
+		}
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if s.paused.CompareAndSwap(false, true) {
+		s.opened <- struct{}{}
+		select {
+		case <-s.release:
+		case <-ctx.Done():
+			w.Close()
+			return nil, context.Cause(ctx)
+		}
+	}
+	return w, nil
+}
+
 func testBasicAzblobCacheImportExport(t *testing.T, sb integration.Sandbox) {
 	integration.SkipOnPlatform(t, "windows")
 	workers.CheckFeatureCompat(t, sb,
diff --git a/client/client_test.go b/client/client_test.go
index 7407d02541d3..1d6644705d94 100644
--- a/client/client_test.go
+++ b/client/client_test.go
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@ var allTests = []func(t *testing.T, sb integration.Sandbox){
 	testBasicAzblobCacheImportExport,
 	testBasicInlineCacheImportExport,
 	testBasicLocalCacheImportExport,
+	testConcurrentLocalCacheExport,
 	testBasicRegistryCacheImportExport,
 	testBasicS3CacheImportExport,
 	testCacheExportCacheDeletedContent,
diff --git a/client/solve.go b/client/solve.go
index 12d68b0c452c..b8e4e355872f 100644
--- a/client/solve.go
+++ b/client/solve.go
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ import (
 	"io"
 	"maps"
 	"os"
+	"path/filepath"
 	"slices"
 	"strconv"
 	"strings"
@@ -16,6 +17,8 @@ import (
 	"github.com/containerd/containerd/v2/core/content"
 	"github.com/containerd/containerd/v2/core/images"
 	contentlocal "github.com/containerd/containerd/v2/plugins/content/local"
+	cerrdefs "github.com/containerd/errdefs"
+	"github.com/gofrs/flock"
 	controlapi "github.com/moby/buildkit/api/services/control"
 	"github.com/moby/buildkit/client/llb"
 	"github.com/moby/buildkit/client/ociindex"
@@ -561,7 +564,7 @@ func parseCacheOptions(ctx context.Context, isGateway bool, opt SolveOpt) (*cach
 			if err := os.MkdirAll(csDir, 0755); err != nil {
 				return nil, err
 			}
-			cs, err := contentlocal.NewStore(csDir)
+			cs, err := newLocalCacheStore(csDir)
 			if err != nil {
 				return nil, err
 			}
@@ -601,7 +604,7 @@ func parseCacheOptions(ctx context.Context, isGateway bool, opt SolveOpt) (*cach
 			if csDir == "" {
 				return nil, errors.New("local cache importer requires src")
 			}
-			cs, err := contentlocal.NewStore(csDir)
+			cs, err := newLocalCacheStore(csDir)
 			if err != nil {
 				bklog.G(ctx).Warning("local cache import at " + csDir + " not found due to err: " + err.Error())
 				continue
@@ -667,3 +670,90 @@ func parseCacheOptions(ctx context.Context, isGateway bool, opt SolveOpt) (*cach
 	}
 	return &res, nil
 }
+
+// localCacheStore coordinates ingests across clients sharing a cache directory.
+// The underlying local store only locks references within one store instance.
+type localCacheStore struct {
+	content.Store
+	dir string
+}
+
+func newLocalCacheStore(dir string) (content.Store, error) {
+	store, err := contentlocal.NewStore(dir)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return &localCacheStore{Store: store, dir: dir}, nil
+}
+
+func (s *localCacheStore) lock(ref string) (*flock.Flock, error) {
+	dir := filepath.Join(s.dir, "ingest-locks")
+	if err := os.MkdirAll(dir, 0755); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	// Keep lock files after unlocking: deleting one could let another client
+	// lock a different inode while an existing waiter still uses the old one.
+	lock := flock.New(filepath.Join(dir, digest.FromString(ref).Encoded()))
+	locked, err := lock.TryLock()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if !locked {
+		return nil, errors.Wrapf(cerrdefs.ErrUnavailable, "ingest ref %q is locked", ref)
+	}
+	return lock, nil
+}
+
+func (s *localCacheStore) Writer(ctx context.Context, opts ...content.WriterOpt) (content.Writer, error) {
+	var wo content.WriterOpts
+	for _, opt := range opts {
+		if err := opt(&wo); err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+	}
+	if wo.Ref == "" {
+		return nil, errors.Wrap(cerrdefs.ErrInvalidArgument, "ref must not be empty")
+	}
+	lock, err := s.lock(wo.Ref)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	w, err := s.Store.Writer(ctx, content.WithRef(wo.Ref), content.WithDescriptor(wo.Desc))
+	if err != nil {
+		lock.Close()
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return &localCacheWriter{Writer: w, lock: lock}, nil
+}
+
+func (s *localCacheStore) Abort(ctx context.Context, ref string) error {
+	lock, err := s.lock(ref)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	defer lock.Close()
+	return s.Store.Abort(ctx, ref)
+}
+
+type localCacheWriter struct {
+	content.Writer
+	lock *flock.Flock
+}
+
+func (w *localCacheWriter) Commit(ctx context.Context, size int64, expected digest.Digest, opts ...content.Opt) error {
+	err := w.Writer.Commit(ctx, size, expected, opts...)
+	closeErr := w.Close()
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	return closeErr
+}
+
+func (w *localCacheWriter) Close() error {
+	err := w.Writer.Close()
+	lockErr := w.lock.Close()
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	return lockErr
+}
diff --git a/client/solve_test.go b/client/solve_test.go
index fd5258134b9a..1de07cac9e46 100644
--- a/client/solve_test.go
+++ b/client/solve_test.go
@@ -1,12 +1,100 @@
 package client
 
 import (
+	"context"
+	"os"
+	"path/filepath"
 	"testing"
 
+	"github.com/containerd/containerd/v2/core/content"
+	cerrdefs "github.com/containerd/errdefs"
 	"github.com/moby/buildkit/client/llb"
+	digest "github.com/opencontainers/go-digest"
+	ocispecs "github.com/opencontainers/image-spec/specs-go/v1"
+	"github.com/pkg/errors"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
 )
 
+func TestLocalCacheStoreLockAndResume(t *testing.T) {
+	ctx := t.Context()
+	dir := t.TempDir()
+	first, err := newLocalCacheStore(dir)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	second, err := newLocalCacheStore(dir)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	data := []byte("resumable cache layer")
+	desc := ocispecs.Descriptor{Digest: digest.FromBytes(data), Size: int64(len(data))}
+	opts := []content.WriterOpt{content.WithRef("layer"), content.WithDescriptor(desc)}
+	w, err := first.Writer(ctx, opts...)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	t.Cleanup(func() { require.NoError(t, w.Close()) })
+	_, err = w.Write(data[:5])
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	_, err = second.Writer(ctx, opts...)
+	require.ErrorIs(t, err, cerrdefs.ErrUnavailable)
+	require.ErrorIs(t, second.Abort(ctx, "layer"), cerrdefs.ErrUnavailable)
+	// Cancellation of OpenWriter's retry must not disturb the active writer.
+	cancelled, cancel := context.WithCancelCause(ctx)
+	cancel(errors.New("cancel retry"))
+	_, err = content.OpenWriter(cancelled, second, opts...)
+	require.ErrorIs(t, err, cerrdefs.ErrUnavailable)
+
+	// Independent references can still be written concurrently.
+	other, err := second.Writer(ctx, content.WithRef("other"))
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.NoError(t, other.Close())
+	require.NoError(t, second.Abort(ctx, "other"))
+	require.NoError(t, w.Close())
+
+	resumed, err := second.Writer(ctx, opts...)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	t.Cleanup(func() { require.NoError(t, resumed.Close()) })
+	status, err := resumed.Status()
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.EqualValues(t, 5, status.Offset)
+	_, err = resumed.Write(data[5:])
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.NoError(t, resumed.Commit(ctx, desc.Size, desc.Digest))
+	blob, err := content.ReadBlob(ctx, first, desc)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.Equal(t, data, blob)
+	entries, err := os.ReadDir(filepath.Join(dir, "ingest"))
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.Empty(t, entries, "resuming an interrupted export must reclaim its ingest")
+
+	// An already-existing blob must not leave its reference locked.
+	_, err = first.Writer(ctx, opts...)
+	require.ErrorIs(t, err, cerrdefs.ErrAlreadyExists)
+	require.NoError(t, second.Abort(ctx, "layer"))
+}
+
+func TestLocalCacheStoreCommitError(t *testing.T) {
+	for _, failure := range []string{"size", "option"} {
+		t.Run(failure, func(t *testing.T) {
+			ctx := t.Context()
+			dir := t.TempDir()
+			first, err := newLocalCacheStore(dir)
+			require.NoError(t, err)
+			second, err := newLocalCacheStore(dir)
+			require.NoError(t, err)
+			w, err := first.Writer(ctx, content.WithRef("layer"))
+			require.NoError(t, err)
+			t.Cleanup(func() { require.NoError(t, w.Close()) })
+			if failure == "size" {
+				err = w.Commit(ctx, 1, "")
+				require.ErrorIs(t, err, cerrdefs.ErrFailedPrecondition)
+			} else {
+				sentinel := errors.New("invalid commit option")
+				err = w.Commit(ctx, 0, "", func(*content.Info) error { return sentinel })
+				require.ErrorIs(t, err, sentinel)
+			}
+			// Commit closes the writer even on failure, including the file lock.
+			require.NoError(t, second.Abort(ctx, "layer"))
+		})
+	}
+}
+
 func TestSolveRejectsInvalidLocalExporterMode(t *testing.T) {
 	st := llb.Scratch().File(
 		llb.Mkfile("fresh.txt", 0600, []byte("fresh")),