Cherry-pick linking refactor from upstream (batch 1) (#2912)

Cherry-picks from the `upstream` branch - batch 1 of a larger sync
effort (see #2861 for full context).

## Commits

- Add platform attributes to the deprecated `apple_binary`, allowing it
to work with platform-based resolution (upstream:
0654124)
- Refactor linking logic to use named args and consolidate variables in
`compilation_support.bzl` and `linking_support.bzl` (upstream:
2507186)

No manual fixes or conflict resolution needed - clean cherry-picks.

---------

Co-authored-by: Nicholas Levin <nglevin@google.com>

Author: luispadron

apple/BUILD

@@ -77,6 +77,7 @@ bzl_library(
         "//apple/internal:rule_attrs",
         "//apple/internal:rule_factory",
         "//apple/internal:transition_support",
+        "@build_bazel_apple_support//lib:apple_support",
     ],
 )
 

apple/apple_binary.bzl

@@ -14,6 +14,10 @@
 
 """Starlark implementation of `apple_binary` to transition from native Bazel."""
 
+load(
+    "@build_bazel_apple_support//lib:apple_support.bzl",
+    "apple_support",
+)
 load(
     "//apple/internal:linking_support.bzl",
     "linking_support",
@@ -147,6 +151,7 @@ implementation of `apple_binary` in Bazel core so that it can be removed.
 """,
     implementation = _apple_binary_impl,
     attrs = [
+        apple_support.platform_constraint_attrs(),
         rule_attrs.binary_linking_attrs(
             deps_cfg = transition_support.apple_platform_split_transition,
             is_test_supporting_rule = False,