@@ -50,12 +50,46 @@ defmodule Trinity.DataCase do
     # test writes inside the test's sandbox and the rows go with it.
     rpid = Ecto.Adapters.SQL.Sandbox.start_owner!(Trinity.Repo.Receipts, opts)
 
+    # SCR-376 and SCR-377: make each sandboxed transaction a writer before it reads anything.
+    #
+    # `Ecto.Adapters.SQL.Sandbox` begins every test's transaction with an explicit
+    # `mode: :transaction`, which `Exqlite.Connection` resolves ahead of the configured
+    # `default_transaction_mode: :immediate`, and which is a plain DEFERRED `BEGIN`. So slice 005's
+    # fix does not reach the suite: a test that reads and then writes is upgrading, and SQLite
+    # answers `SQLITE_BUSY` on an upgrade **without consulting the busy handler**, whatever
+    # `busy_timeout` says. Five failures across three tables came from exactly that.
+    #
+    # A write that is the transaction's *first* statement is not an upgrade, so the handler is
+    # consulted and the writer waits instead of failing. That is measured, not assumed:
+    # `test/trinity/repo/sqlite_transaction_mode_test.exs` drives two connections through this
+    # exact sequence and asserts both the success and that it genuinely contended.
+    #
+    # `WHERE 1 = 0` touches no row. The table is the repo's **own** migration table, read from its
+    # configuration rather than assumed: `Trinity.Repo.Receipts` sets
+    # `migration_source: "receipts_schema_migrations"` (config/config.exs), and hard-coding
+    # `schema_migrations` here failed every test using this template, not only the ones that touch
+    # receipts. The statement is here for the lock it takes, not for the rows it does not change.
+    #
+    # Cost: measured as negligible, because there is nothing to serialise. Every file using this
+    # case template is `async: false` (the only `async: true` occurrence of it is this file's own
+    # documentation), so sandboxed tests already run one at a time.
+    Enum.each([Trinity.Repo, Trinity.Repo.Receipts], &take_write_lock/1)
+
     on_exit(fn ->
       Ecto.Adapters.SQL.Sandbox.stop_owner(rpid)
       Ecto.Adapters.SQL.Sandbox.stop_owner(pid)
     end)
   end
 
+  # SQLite only. Postgres has no SQLITE_BUSY and no upgrade path to guard, so taking a lock there
+  # would be a cost with no reason.
+  defp take_write_lock(repo) do
+    if repo.__adapter__() == Ecto.Adapters.SQLite3 do
+      source = repo.config()[:migration_source] || "schema_migrations"
+      Ecto.Adapters.SQL.query!(repo, "DELETE FROM #{source} WHERE 1 = 0", [])
+    end
+  end
+
   @doc """
   A helper that transforms changeset errors into a map of messages.
 
 
@@ -86,4 +86,40 @@ defmodule Trinity.Repo.SqliteTransactionModeTest do
     assert :ok = Sqlite3.execute(a, "INSERT INTO t (v) VALUES ('from a')")
     :ok = Sqlite3.execute(a, "COMMIT")
   end
+
+  # Added 2026-10-07 for SCR-376 and SCR-377. The two cases above settle the question slice 005
+  # asked: DEFERRED-then-upgrade cannot wait, IMMEDIATE can. Neither answers the question the
+  # **suite** poses, because `Ecto.Adapters.SQL.Sandbox` begins every test's transaction with an
+  # explicit `mode: :transaction`, which is a plain DEFERRED `BEGIN` and overrides
+  # `default_transaction_mode: :immediate`. The sandbox's BEGIN is not ours to change.
+  #
+  # So: inside a transaction that is already DEFERRED, does issuing a **write as the first
+  # statement** — no read, therefore no upgrade — reach the busy handler? If it does, a sandboxed
+  # test can be made a writer at its start and the five Database busy failures lose their
+  # mechanism. If it does not, there is no mitigation at this layer and saying so is the finding.
+  test "DEFERRED, first statement a write: the handler is consulted, because this is not an upgrade",
+       %{a: a, b: b} do
+    :ok = Sqlite3.execute(b, "BEGIN IMMEDIATE")
+    :ok = Sqlite3.execute(b, "INSERT INTO t (v) VALUES ('from b')")
+
+    :ok = Sqlite3.execute(a, "BEGIN DEFERRED")
+
+    started = System.monotonic_time(:millisecond)
+    task = Task.async(fn -> Sqlite3.execute(a, "INSERT INTO t (v) VALUES ('from a')") end)
+    Process.sleep(200)
+    :ok = Sqlite3.execute(b, "COMMIT")
+    result = Task.await(task, 5_000)
+    elapsed = System.monotonic_time(:millisecond) - started
+
+    assert :ok = result,
+           "a first-statement write in a DEFERRED transaction was refused rather than waiting. " <>
+             "Then taking the write lock at the start of a sandboxed test is not a mitigation for " <>
+             "SCR-377, and the fix has to be somewhere else."
+
+    assert elapsed >= 200,
+           "it returned in #{elapsed} ms, before the holder committed at 200 ms, so it never " <>
+             "contended and this case proves nothing"
+
+    :ok = Sqlite3.execute(a, "COMMIT")
+  end
 end
@@ -123,8 +123,16 @@ defmodule Trinity.SandboxTest do
     test "what survives is named rather than discovered: os.time and os.clock still work" do
       # Not a hole, and not an accident either. These reach no resource, but they are
       # non-deterministic, which matters when a script's output can reach a receipt.
-      assert {:ok, [_], _} = Sandbox.run("return os.time()")
-      assert {:ok, [_], _} = Sandbox.run("return os.clock()")
+      #
+      # SCR-378: the limit is named here, generously, and that is not a weakening. What this test
+      # asserts is that the two functions are **available**; the default wall clock it used to
+      # inherit was incidental to that, and on a loaded runner a trivial call exceeded it and the
+      # test failed for a reason it was not about. The limit's own binding is proven on its own, by
+      # "an infinite loop is killed on wall clock and the caller is told which limit bound", which
+      # passes its own `max_time_ms: 200` and asserts the refusal by value. A budget asserted in two
+      # places is a budget that gets loosened in the wrong one.
+      assert {:ok, [_], _} = Sandbox.run("return os.time()", max_time_ms: 30_000)
+      assert {:ok, [_], _} = Sandbox.run("return os.clock()", max_time_ms: 30_000)
     end
   end
 end