diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index 9376a65..f2859e6 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -363,6 +363,7 @@ name = "dhkem"
 version = "0.1.0"
 dependencies = [
  "ctutils",
+ "curve25519-dalek",
  "elliptic-curve",
  "getrandom",
  "hex-literal",
@@ -372,6 +373,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "p256",
  "p384",
  "p521",
+ "rand",
  "rand_core",
  "sha2",
  "x25519-dalek",
@@ -1030,9 +1032,9 @@ checksum = "f8dcc9c7d52a811697d2151c701e0d08956f92b0e24136cf4cf27b57a6a0d9bf"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "rand"
-version = "0.10.2"
+version = "0.10.3"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "c7f5fa3a058cd35567ef9bfa5e75732bee0f9e4c55fa90477bef2dfcdbc4be80"
+checksum = "65c9fb96cbc91e3478eaae79a69fcd3f1ae4ad052e471fe6732fff548984b4af"
 dependencies = [
  "chacha20",
  "getrandom",
diff --git a/dhkem/Cargo.toml b/dhkem/Cargo.toml
index a6e7da4..22344da 100644
--- a/dhkem/Cargo.toml
+++ b/dhkem/Cargo.toml
@@ -26,12 +26,14 @@ p256 = { version = "0.14", optional = true, default-features = false, features =
 p384 = { version = "0.14", optional = true, default-features = false, features = ["arithmetic"] }
 p521 = { version = "0.14", optional = true, default-features = false, features = ["arithmetic"] }
 x25519 = { version = "3", package = "x25519-dalek", optional = true, default-features = false }
+curve25519-dalek = { version = "5", optional = true, default-features = false }
 zeroize = { version = "1.9", optional = true, default-features = false }
 
 [dev-dependencies]
 getrandom = { version = "0.4", features = ["sys_rng"] }
 hex-literal = "1"
 hkdf = "0.13"
+rand = "0.10.3"
 sha2 = "0.11"
 
 [features]
@@ -43,7 +45,7 @@ k256 = ["dep:k256", "ecdh"]
 p256 = ["dep:p256", "ecdh"]
 p384 = ["dep:p384", "ecdh"]
 p521 = ["dep:p521", "ecdh"]
-x25519 = ["dep:x25519", "x25519/static_secrets"]
+x25519 = ["dep:x25519", "dep:curve25519-dalek", "x25519/static_secrets"]
 zeroize = ["dep:zeroize"]
 
 [lints]
diff --git a/dhkem/src/x25519_kem.rs b/dhkem/src/x25519_kem.rs
index db4df39..7f3b614 100644
--- a/dhkem/src/x25519_kem.rs
+++ b/dhkem/src/x25519_kem.rs
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 
 use crate::{DecapsulationKey, EncapsulationKey, Error, HpkeKemId};
 use ctutils::CtEq;
+use curve25519_dalek::scalar::clamp_integer;
 use kem::{
     Decapsulator, Encapsulate, Generate, InvalidKey, Kem, Key, KeyExport, KeyInit, KeySizeUser,
     TryDecapsulate, TryKeyInit,
@@ -74,7 +75,7 @@ impl KeyInit for X25519DecapsulationKey {
 /// [RFC9810 §7.1.2]: https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc9180#section-7.1.2
 impl KeyExport for X25519DecapsulationKey {
     fn to_bytes(&self) -> Key<Self> {
-        self.dk.to_bytes().into()
+        clamp_integer(self.dk.to_bytes()).into()
     }
 }
 
@@ -179,3 +180,20 @@ impl Encapsulate for X25519EncapsulationKey {
         (pk.to_bytes().into(), ss.to_bytes().into())
     }
 }
+
+// Regression test: DHKEM(X25519) serialized private keys MUST be clamped
+// Issue: https://github.com/RustCrypto/KEMs/issues/401
+#[test]
+fn regression_unclamped_privkey() {
+    let mut rng = rand::rng();
+
+    // Clamping affects 5 bits. The likelihood that they're all set correctly by chance is 2^-5.
+    // The liklihood that this happens 30 times in a row is 2^(-150).
+    for _ in 0..30 {
+        let dk = X25519DecapsulationKey::generate_from_rng(&mut rng);
+        let dk_bytes = dk.to_bytes().into();
+        // You can test it's clamped by just clamping again and seeing if anything changed. This is
+        // because clamping is idempotent.
+        assert_eq!(dk_bytes, clamp_integer(dk_bytes));
+    }
+}