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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<title>Impact Data and Evidence Aggregation Library (IDEAL)</title>
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/* Responsive Design */
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}
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}
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.page-title {
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th, td {
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}
}
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.grid-container {
flex-direction: column;
align-items: center;
}
}
</style>
<!-- Load shared CSS after inline styles to override navigation -->
<link rel="stylesheet" href="assets/css/ideal-style.css">
</head>
<body class="metadata-page">
<!-- Professional Navigation -->
<nav class="nav">
<div class="container">
<div class="nav-content">
<div class="nav-brand">
<a href="index.html">
<img src="assets/images/logos/ideal.png" alt="IDEAL" class="nav-logo" />
</a>
</div>
<!-- Navigation will be generated here by JavaScript -->
<ul class="nav-menu">
<!-- Dynamic navigation content -->
</ul>
<button class="nav-toggle">☰</button>
</div>
</div>
</nav>
<!-- Page Header -->
<section class="page-header">
<div class="container">
<div class="page-header-content">
<h1 class="page-title">Metadata Schema</h1>
<p class="page-subtitle">
Comprehensive schema for standardizing effect size data extraction from randomized evaluations in international development.
</p>
</div>
</div>
</section>
<!-- Main Content -->
<main class="main">
<div class="container">
<div class="schema-content">
<div class="schema-intro">
<p>The IDEAL Metadata Schema was developed to standardize the extraction of effect size data from randomized evaluations in international development. Despite the rapid growth of impact evaluations, the lack of consistent metadata formats has limited our ability to compare results across interventions, geographies, and outcomes. IDEAL fills this gap by providing a comprehensive schema—aligned with global standards like DDI, ClinicalTrials.gov, and the AEA RCT Registry— to systematically document key design features, intervention details, outcome measures, and treatment effects from published studies.</p>
<p>This schema is the backbone of the Impact Data and Evidence Aggregation Library (IDEAL). By enabling consistent and structured data extraction, IDEAL supports large-scale meta-analyses, evidence reviews, and policy synthesis efforts. The schema is openly available here for public use, including researchers, evidence aggregators, and developers building tools to advance evidence-informed policymaking in low- and middle-income countries.</p>
</div>
<div class="download-section">
<a href="#" onclick="window.print(); return false;">
Click here to <strong>download</strong> IDEAL Schema as PDF
</a>
</div>
<details open id="section-1">
<summary>1. Title and Publication Details</summary>
<p style="margin: 1rem;"><em>This section captures basic bibliographic information about the study, including the full title, citation, and DOI or permanent URL. These details allow coders to link each extracted record to its original source.</em></p>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Field</th>
<th>Level</th>
<th>Relevant Standard</th>
<th>Definition</th>
<th>Response Options</th>
<th>Controlled Vocabulary</th>
<th>Notes</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>Title</td>
<td>Paper</td>
<td><strong><a href="https://docs.ddialliance.org/DDI-Codebook/2.5/xmlschema/schemas/codebook_xsd/elements/titl.html" target="_blank">DDI 2.5:</a></strong> Full authoritative title for the work at the appropriate level: marked-up document; marked-up document source; study; other material(s) related to study description; other material(s) related to study. The study title will in most cases be identical to the title for the marked-up document. A full title should indicate the geographic scope of the data collection as well as the time period covered. Title of data collection (codeBook/stdyDscr/citation/titlStmt/titl) maps to Dublin Core Title element. This element is required in the Study Description citation.<br>
<br>
<strong><a href="https://clinicaltrials.gov/policy/protocol-definitions#study-identification" target="_blank">Clinical Trials:</a></strong> Official Title: The title of the clinical study, corresponding to the title of the protocol.
<td>The full title of the paper.</td>
<td>Open text</td>
<td>—</td>
<td>- Can be automatically pulled into the IDEAL Survey Platform.<br>- Include subtitle in the coding instruction.<br>- Tag if experiment was reported elsewhere.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Citation</td>
<td>Paper</td>
<td><strong><a href="https://docs.ddialliance.org/DDI-Codebook/2.5/xmlschema/schemas/codebook_xsd/elements/biblCit.html" target="_blank">DDI 2.5:</a></strong> bib_citation: Complete bibliographic reference containing all of the standard elements of a citation that can be used to cite the study. The bib_citation_format is provided to enable specification of the particular citation style used, e.g., APA, MLA, or Chicago.<br>
<br>
<strong><a href="https://clinicaltrials.gov/policy/protocol-definitions#references" target="_blank">Clinical Trials:</a></strong> Citation: A bibliographic reference in NLM's MEDLINE format.
<td>Complete bibliographic reference.</td>
<td>Open text</td>
<td>—</td>
<td>Can be automatically pulled into the IDEAL Survey Platform.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>DOI/URL</td>
<td>Paper</td>
<td><strong><a href="https://docs.ddialliance.org/DDI-Codebook/2.5/xmlschema/schemas/codebook_xsd/elements/holdings.html" target="_blank">DDI 2.5:</a></strong> holdings: Information concerning either the physical or electronic holdings of the cited work. Attributes include: location--The physical location where a copy is held; callno--The call number for a work at the location specified; and URI--A URN or URL for accessing the electronic copy of the cited work.
<td>DOI or permanent URL to access the paper.</td>
<td>Open text</td>
<td>—</td>
<td>Can be automatically pulled into the IDEAL Survey Platform.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</details>
<details id="section-2">
<summary>2. Resources</summary>
<p style="margin: 1rem;"><em>This section tracks the supporting materials available for the study, such as datasets, analytic code, protocols, and ethics documentation.</em></p>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Field</th>
<th>Level</th>
<th>Relevant Standard</th>
<th>Definition</th>
<th>Response Options</th>
<th>Controlled Vocabulary</th>
<th>Notes</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>Type of resource</td>
<td>Paper</td>
<td><strong><a href="https://clinicaltrials.gov/policy/protocol-definitions#references" target="_blank">Clinical Trials:</a></strong> Available IPD/Information Type: The type of data set or supporting information being shared. (Individual Participant Data Set, Study Protocol, Statistical Analysis Plan, Informed Consent Form, Clinical Study Report, Analytic Code, Other (specify))<br>
<br>
<strong><a href="https://docs.ddialliance.org/DDI-Codebook/2.5/xmlschema/schemas/codebook_xsd/elements/otherMat.html" target="_blank">DDI 2.5:</a></strong> otherMat: This section allows for the inclusion of other materials that are related to the study as identified and labeled by the DTD/Schema users (encoders). The' materials may be entered as PCDATA (ASCII text) directly into the document (through use of the "txt" element). This section may also serve as a "container" for other electronic materials such as setup files by providing a brief description of the study-related materials accompanied by the attributes "type" and "level" defining the material further. The "URI" attribute may be used to indicate the location of the other study-related materials. Other Study-Related Materials may include: questionnaires, coding notes, SPSS/SAS/Stata setup files (and others), user manuals, continuity guides, sample computer software programs, glossaries of terms, interviewer/project instructions, maps, database schema, data dictionaries, show cards, coding information, interview schedules, missing values information, frequency files, variable maps, etc.<br>
<td>The type of resource being shared.</td>
<td>Text-CV</td>
<td>a. Published data or data repository entry
<br>b. Analytic code
<br>c. Statistical Analysis Plan
<br>e. Populated pre-analysis plan
<br>f. Informed Consent Form or Consent Language
<br>g. Research ethics documentation (IRB protocol, structured ethics appendix, description of consent process, etc.)
<br>h. Clinical Study Report
<br>i. Study Protocol
<br>g. Academic publication or working paper
<br>h. Other (specify)</td>
<td>Used to identify shared data/code documentation for replication.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>URL of resource</td>
<td>Study</td>
<td><strong><a href="https://clinicaltrials.gov/policy/protocol-definitions#references" target="_blank">Clinical Trials:</a></strong> Available IPD/Information URL: The web address used to request or access the data set or supporting information.<br>
<br>
<strong><a href="https://docs.ddialliance.org/DDI-Codebook/2.5/xmlschema/schemas/codebook_xsd/elements/holdings.html" target="_blank">DDI 2.5:</a></strong> holdings: Information concerning either the physical or electronic holdings of the cited work. Attributes include: location--The physical location where a copy is held; callno--The call number for a work at the location specified; and URI--A URN or URL for accessing the electronic copy of the cited work.<br>
<td>URL to access the resource. Permanent URL (e.g. DOI) if available.</td>
<td>Open text</td>
<td>—</td>
<td>Permanent URLs like DOIs preferred.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Registration ID</td>
<td>Study</td>
<td><strong><a href="https://clinicaltrials.gov/policy/protocol-definitions#study-identification" target="_blank">Clinical Trials:</a></strong> An identifier(s) (ID), if any, other than the organization's Unique Protocol Identification Number or the NCT number that is assigned to the clinical study. This includes any unique clinical study identifiers assigned by other publicly available clinical trial registries. If the clinical study is funded in whole or in part by a U.S. Federal Government agency, the complete grant or contract number must be submitted as a Secondary ID.<br>
<br>
<strong>AEA Registry:</strong> Secondary Identifying Numbers: An identifier(s), if any, other than the DOI or the AEARCT ID that is assigned to the trial. This includes any unique identifiers assigned by other publicly available trial registries, funders, or sponsors (e.g. ClinicalTrials.gov, ISRCT, etc.)
<td>Registration ID (unique identifier issued by the organization where the trial is registered).</td>
<td>Open text</td>
<td>—</td>
<td>Used to cross-reference external trial registries.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Registry URL</td>
<td>Study</td>
<td><strong>AEA Registry:</strong> Links to any other related websites, documents, etc.<br>
<br>
<strong><a href="https://docs.ddialliance.org/DDI-Codebook/2.5/xmlschema/schemas/codebook_xsd/elements/holdings.html" target="_blank">DDI 2.5:</a></strong> holdings: Information concerning either the physical or electronic holdings of the cited work. Attributes include: location--The physical location where a copy is held; callno--The call number for a work at the location specified; and URI--A URN or URL for accessing the electronic copy of the cited work.
<td>Permanent URL or DOI to access the registration.</td>
<td>Open text</td>
<td>—</td>
<td>Used to verify pre-registration details.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Review board name</td>
<td>Study</td>
<td><strong><a href="https://clinicaltrials.gov/policy/protocol-definitions#study-oversight" target="_blank">Clinical Trials:</a></strong> Full name of the approving human subjects review board.<br>
<td>The full name of the approving ethics review board.</td>
<td>Open text</td>
<td>—</td>
<td>Used to assess ethical oversight.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Review number</td>
<td>Study</td>
<td><strong><a href="https://clinicaltrials.gov/policy/protocol-definitions#study-oversight" target="_blank">Clinical Trials:</a></strong> Number assigned by the human subjects review board upon approval of the protocol. May be omitted if status is anything other than approved.<br>
<td>The identifying number assigned by the ethics review board upon the approval of the study's protocol.</td>
<td>Open text</td>
<td>—</td>
<td>May be omitted if protocol not approved.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</details>
<details id="section-3">
<summary>3. Partners and Funders</summary>
<p style="margin: 1rem;"><em>This section records the organizations involved in funding, designing, or implementing the study.</em></p>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Field</th>
<th>Level</th>
<th>Relevant Standard</th>
<th>Definition</th>
<th>Response Options</th>
<th>Controlled Vocabulary</th>
<th>Notes</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>Name of agency involved</td>
<td>Study</td>
<td><strong><a href="https://clinicaltrials.gov/policy/protocol-definitions#study-sponsor-collaborators" target="_blank">Clinical Trials:</a></strong> CollaboratorName: Other organizations (if any) providing support. Support may include funding, design, implementation, data analysis or reporting. The responsible party is responsible for confirming all collaborators before listing them.</td>
<td>Name of the organization that supported or contributed to the study, including institutional affiliations of study authors.</td>
<td>Open text</td>
<td>—</td>
<td>Should include institutional affiliations.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Role of agencies</td>
<td>Study</td>
<td>No standard</td>
<td>Role(s) of the organization in the study.</td>
<td>Text-CV</td>
<td>Design, funding, data collection, etc.</td>
<td>CV for testing:
<br>- intervention implementation
<br>- study recruitment
<br>- data collection implementation
<br>- data provision
<br>- research design or analysis
<br>- funding or material support
<br>- Other</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Type of agency</td>
<td>Study</td>
<td>No standard</td>
<td>Type of organization</td>
<td>Text-CV</td>
<td>CV needs work - should include:
<br>- Government agency
<br>- Statistical agency
<br>- For-profit organization
<br>- Non-profit, charitable foundation, or NGO
<br>- Independent academic or research institution
<br>- Other</td>
<td>Pilot the CV with the "other, specify" option.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</details>
<details id="section-4">
<summary>4. Topics and Objectives</summary>
<p style="margin: 1rem;"><em>This section summarizes the substantive focus of the study. It includes both controlled topic classifications (e.g., development sector keywords) and author-selected keywords for flexible search and thematic grouping.</em></p>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Field</th>
<th>Level</th>
<th>Relevant Standard</th>
<th>Definition</th>
<th>Response Options</th>
<th>Controlled Vocabulary</th>
<th>Notes</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>Topic of study</td>
<td>Study</td>
<td><strong><a href="https://docs.ddialliance.org/DDI-Codebook/2.5/xmlschema/schemas/codebook_xsd/elements/topcClas.html" target="_blank">DDI 2.5:</a></strong> topcClas: The classification field indicates the broad substantive topic(s) that the data cover. Library of Congress subject terms may be used here. The "vocab" attribute is provided for specification of the controlled vocabulary in use, e.g., LCSH, MeSH, etc. The "vocabURI" attribute specifies the location for the full controlled vocabulary. Maps to Dublin Core Subject element. Inclusion of this element in the codebook is recommended.
<br>
<br>CESSDA Controlled Vocabulary for CESSDA Topic Classification (recommended by World Bank Metadata Guidelines)
<td>The broad substantive topic(s) that the data cover.</td>
<td>Text-CV</td>
<td>CESSDA List of topics <a href="https://vocabularies.cessda.eu/vocabulary/TopicClassification">(codes)</a></td>
<td>Cardinality can be > 1.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Keywords</td>
<td>Study</td>
<td>No standard</td>
<td>List of keywords selected by the author.</td>
<td>Open text</td>
<td>—</td>
<td>Used for indexing and searchability.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</details>
<details id="section-5">
<summary>5. Sampling</summary>
<p style="margin: 1rem;"><em>This section provides key information about how the study population was selected, randomized, and analyzed. It includes the unit of randomization and analysis, subnational locations, and baseline demographics like gender and age</em></p>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Field</th>
<th>Level</th>
<th>Relevant Standard</th>
<th>Definition</th>
<th>Response Options</th>
<th>Controlled Vocabulary</th>
<th>Notes</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>Country</td>
<td>Treatment effect</td>
<td><strong><a href="https://docs.ddialliance.org/DDI-Codebook/2.5/xmlschema/schemas/codebook_xsd/elements/nation.html" target="_blank">DDI 2.5:</a></strong> nation: Indicates the country or countries covered in the file. Attribute "abbr" may be used to list common abbreviations; use of ISO country codes is recommended. Maps to Dublin Core Coverage element. Inclusion of this element is recommended. For forward-compatibility, DDI 3 XHTML tags may be used in this element.</td>
<td>The country or countries where the study was implemented.</td>
<td>Text-controlled vocabulary</td>
<td>ISO country codes, not reported, other</td>
<td>If single country study: automatically populate the country-entered study level to the treatment effect level. If multiple countries: enter the different countries at the treatment effect level.
<br>
<br>Add option to mention “other” and “did not report” for papers.
<br>
<br>Pilot to assess how many papers are reporting pooled treatment effect for multi country RCT.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Sub-national location</td>
<td>Treatment effect</td>
<td><strong><a href="https://docs.ddialliance.org/DDI-Codebook/2.5/xmlschema/schemas/codebook_xsd/elements/geogCover.html" target="_blank">DDI 2.5:</a></strong> geogCover: Information on the geographic coverage of the data. Includes the total geographic scope of the data, and any additional levels of geographic coding provided in the variables. Maps to Dublin Core Coverage element. Inclusion of this element in the codebook is recommended. Fpor forward-compatibility, DDI 3 XHTML tags may be used in this element.</td>
<td>Geographic location sampled within the country.</td>
<td>Open text (pilot)</td>
<td>—</td>
<td>If multiple countries are selected, the coder would enter the different types of locations at the treatment effect level.
<br>
<br>We can give examples such as villages in Busia, four cities in Indonesia, etc.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Unit of randomization</td>
<td>Arm</td>
<td><strong>AEA Registry:</strong> Randomization unit: This field describes the level at which randomization will take place: (e.g., individual, firm, school, experimental sessions). If there are more than one level of randomization, it should be explained (e.g. group level randomization for some treatment, and individual randomization for some treatments).
<br>
<br><strong><a href="https://clinicaltrials.gov/policy/results-definitions#participantFlow" target="_blank">Clinical Trials:</a></strong> Type of Units Assigned: If assignment is based on a unit other than participants, a description of the unit of assignment (for example, eyes, lesions, implants). Limit: 40 characters.</td>
<td>Unit at which randomization was done and treatment assigned.</td>
<td>Text-controlled vocabulary and open-text</td>
<td>See CV A in appendix B of Cavanagh et al (2023) <a href="https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/099945502062327217/pdf/IDU081c960a8049b504197099ff0d12be0b95375.pdf"here></a>.</td>
<td>Start with controlled vocabulary from Cavanagh and amend in the pilot.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Unit of analysis</td>
<td>Treatment effect</td>
<td><strong><a href="https://clinicaltrials.gov/policy/results-definitions#baselineCharacteristics" target="_blank">Clinical Trials:</a></a></strong> Type of Units Analyzed: If the analysis is based on a unit other than participants, a description of the unit of analysis (for example, eyes, lesions, implants).</td>
<td>Unit at which treatment effect was measured.</td>
<td>Text-controlled vocabulary and open-text</td>
<td>See CV A in appendix B of Cavanagh et al (2023) <a href="https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/099945502062327217/pdf/IDU081c960a8049b504197099ff0d12be0b95375.pdf"here></a>.</td>
<td>Start with controlled vocabulary from Cavanagh and amend in the pilot.
<br>
<br>Pilot to assess cases where unit of randomization is different from unit of analysis.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Eligibility of experimental population</td>
<td>Study</td>
<td><strong><a href="https://clinicaltrials.gov/policy/protocol-definitions#eligibility" target="_blank">Clinical Trials:</a></strong> Eligibility criteria: A limited list of criteria for selection of participants in the clinical study, provided in terms of inclusion and exclusion criteria and suitable for assisting potential participants in identifying clinical studies of interest. Use a bulleted list for each criterion below the headers "Inclusion Criteria" and "Exclusion Criteria".
<br>
<br><strong><a href="https://docs.ddialliance.org/DDI-Codebook/2.5/xmlschema/schemas/codebook_xsd/elements/universe.html" target="_blank">DDI 2.5:</a></strong> universe: The group of persons or other elements that are the object of research and to which any analytic results refer. Age, nationality, and residence commonly help to delineate a given universe, but any of a number of factors may be involved, such as sex, race, income, veteran status, criminal convictions, etc. The universe may consist of elements other than persons, such as housing units, court cases, deaths, countries, etc. In general, it should be possible to tell from the description of the universe whether a given individual or element (hypothetical or real) is a member of the population under study. A "level" attribute is included to permit coding of the level to which universe applies, i.e., the study level, the file level (if different from study), the record group, the variable group, the nCube group, the variable, or the nCube level. The "clusion" attribute provides for specification of groups included (I) in or excluded (E) from the universe.
</td>
<td>Describes the criteria for eligibility of units in the study, provided in terms of inclusion and exclusion criteria.</td>
<td>Open text</td>
<td>—</td>
<td>Enter for:
<br>
<br>* Unit of randomization
<br>* Unit of analysis (This is why cardinality is 1..n)
<br>
<br>Eligibility, recruitment, sampling, and deviation fields all to be automatically triaged for verification.
<br>
<br>Open text for the pilot with responses such as – income, age, urban/rural.
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Recruitment of experimental sample</td>
<td>Study or arm</td>
<td><strong><a href="https://clinicaltrials.gov/policy/results-definitions#participantFlow" target="_blank">Clinical Trials:</a></strong> Recruitment details: Key information relevant to the recruitment process for the overall study, such as dates of the recruitment period and types of location (For example, medical clinic), to provide context.
</td>
<td>Description of the recruitment process for the overall study.</td>
<td>Open text</td>
<td>—</td>
<td>Enter for:
<br>* Unit of randomization
<br>* Unit of analysis
<br>
<br>Eligibility, recruitment, sampling, and deviation fields all to be automatically triaged for verification.
<br>
<br>Add a field to ask first if it was random or not, or mention in the code protocol to specified if it was random or not in this field.
<br>
<br>Random recruitment – Open text detail for the pilot
<br>
<br>Non-random recruitment – Open text detail for the pilot with recruitment drives, applications, media announcements </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Sampling from recruited</td>
<td>Treatment effect</td>
<td><strong><a href="https://clinicaltrials.gov/policy/protocol-definitions#study-design" target="_blank">Clinical Trials:</a></strong> Allocation: The method by which participants are assigned to arms in a clinical trial.
<br>
<br> N/A (not applicable): For a single-arm trial
<br>Randomized: Participants are assigned to intervention groups by chance
<br>Nonrandomized: Participants are expressly assigned to intervention groups through a non-random method, such as physician choice
</td>
<td>Describes how the unit was sampled from the eligible population/universe (after recruitment, if any).</td>
<td>Text-controlled vocabulary</td>
<td>Randomized, Non-randomized, N/A</td>
<td>Enter for:
<br>* Unit of randomization
<br>* Unit of analysis
<br>
<br>Eligibility, recruitment, sampling, and deviation fields all to be automatically triaged for verification.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Deviation from sample inclusion</td>
<td>Treatment effect</td>
<td><strong><a href="https://clinicaltrials.gov/policy/results-definitions#participantFlow" target="_blank">Clinical Trials:</a></strong> Pre-assignment Details: Description of significant events in the study (for example, wash out, run-in) that occur after participant enrollment, but prior to assignment of participants to an arm or group, if any. For example, an explanation of why enrolled participants were excluded from the study before assignment to arms or groups.
</td>
<td>Description of deviation from the sample, prior to assignment of participants to an arm or group, if any.</td>
<td>Open text</td>
<td>—</td>
<td>Enter for:
<br>* Unit of randomization
<br>* Unit of analysis
<br>
<br>Open text for the pilot with information on units that dropped from the sampling after inclusion (To assess how many papers report this)
<br>
<br>Eligibility, recruitment, sampling, and deviation fields all to be automatically triaged for verification.</td>
</tr>